For the concept in organizations, see Founder's syndrome.
Founder effect: The original population (left) could give rise to different founder populations (right).
In population genetics, the founder effect is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population. It was first fully outlined by Ernst Mayr in 1942,[1] using existing theoretical work by those such as Sewall Wright.[2] As a result of the loss of genetic variation, the new population may be distinctively different, both genotypically and phenotypically, from the parent population from which it is derived. In extreme cases, the founder effect is thought to lead to the speciation and subsequent evolution of new species.[3]
In the figure shown, the original population has nearly equal numbers of blue and red individuals. The three smaller founder populations show that one or the other color may predominate (founder effect), due to random sampling of the original population. A population bottleneck may also cause a founder effect, though it is not strictly a new population.
The founder effect occurs when a small group of migrants—not genetically representative of the population from which they came—establish in a new area.[4][5] In addition to founder effects, the new population is often very small, so it shows increased sensitivity to genetic drift, an increase in inbreeding, and relatively low genetic variation.
^Provine, W. B. (2004). "Ernst Mayr: Genetics and speciation". Genetics. 167 (3): 1041–6. doi:10.1093/genetics/167.3.1041. PMC 1470966. PMID 15280221.
^Templeton, A. R. (1980). "The theory of speciation via the founder principle". Genetics. 94 (4): 1011–38. doi:10.1093/genetics/94.4.1011. PMC 1214177. PMID 6777243.
^Joly E (December 2011). "The existence of species rests on a metastable equilibrium between inbreeding and outbreeding. An essay on the close relationship between speciation, inbreeding and recessive mutations". Biology Direct. 6: 62. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-6-62. PMC 3275546. PMID 22152499.
^Hartwell, Leland; Hood, Leroy; Goldberg, Michael; Reynolds, Ann E.; Silver, Lee; Veres, Ruth C (2004). Genetics: From Genes to Genomes. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 241. ISBN 978-0-07-121468-1.
^Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray F.; Eichhorn, Susan E. (1999). Biology of Plants. W H Freeman and Company. p. 241.
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the underlying cause of effects like population bottlenecks and the foundereffect. Genetic drift is the major source of decrease of genetic diversity...
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brochures referenced above. Preface: The foundereffect disease causing mutations where "The foundereffect refers to the concept that a given gene appeared...
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to date have been inherited, suggesting the possibility of a large "founder" effect in which a certain mutation is common to a well-defined population...
larger than previously thought. The Polynesian population experienced a foundereffect and genetic drift. The Polynesian may be distinctively different both...
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to date have been inherited, suggesting the possibility of a large "founder" effect in which a certain mutation is common to a well-defined population...
additions later on the female side. Together, this is described as the foundereffect. Those same communities had diversity in the male lines that was similar...
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limited genetic diversity of island biogeography (an example of the foundereffect and, at the sub-specific level, of the species-area curve). This new...
18th-century founders,[citation needed] genetic disorders that come out due to inbreeding exist in more isolated districts (an example of the foundereffect). These...
also result in a type of foundereffect; extreme founder effects can lead to speciation. founder event founder-flush-crash founder takes all A hypothesis...
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potential. The loss of genetic diversity due to the foundereffect can be minimized by ensuring that the founder population is large enough and genetically representative...
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