The flora of Lebanon includes approximately 2,600 plant species.[1] Situated on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Basin, Lebanon is a reservoir of plant diversity and one of the world's biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Endemic species constitute 12% of the Lebanese flora; 221 plant species are broad endemics and 90 are narrow endemics.[2][3] Important Plant Areas (IPAs) featuring the country exceptional botanical richness were defined in 2018.[4]
The natural vegetation of Lebanon has been threatened by overexploitation and fragmentation as a result of urban expansion, overgrazing, tourism and the impact of warfare.[5] The cedar of Lebanon is the national symbol of the country; growing in the Lebanon Mountain range, these trees have been heavily harvested over the years for their valuable timber and few mature trees still remain.[6] Nevertheless, Lebanon is more heavily wooded than most other countries in the region and pine, oak, fir, beech, cypress and juniper are to be found in the mountain areas although the Beqaa valley has little tree cover.[6] Where timber has been extracted and woodland destroyed, scrub has taken over; in the Lebanon Mountain area this is mostly Ceratonia, oak and Pistacia, and in the Anti-Lebanon range the scrub is mostly Pistacia and wild almond.[7] Other native trees such as the Lebanese wild apple, Judas tree and Syrian maple are being grown experimentally as a conservation strategy to see if they are amenable to container production.[5]
The Al Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve was established in 1996 to preserve an old stand of cedar in central Lebanon. It covers 550 km2 (212 sq mi), which is 5.3% of the country's total area, and includes 620 hectares (1,500 acres) of cedar forest which, with the exclusion of livestock is successfully regenerating. There are 24 kinds of tree in the reserve and 436 species of plant, including about 48 which are endemic to Lebanon, Syria and Turkey.[8]
Apart from trees, there are a large number of flowering plants, ferns and mosses in the country. Many of the plants bloom after the winter rains, and the annual plants germinate at this time, grow, flower and set seed while the soil is moist enough to support them. One plant endemic to the country is the endangered Lebanon violet, found high up in rocky shrubland on the west side of Mount Lebanon.[9]
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2013)
Contents:
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
See also
References
External links
^"Lebanon FLORA". www.lebanon-flora.org. Archived from the original on 2019-05-11. Retrieved 2019-10-31.
^Sattout, Elsa J. (2009). "TERRESTRIAL FLORA DIVERSITY IN JABAL MOUSSA : PRELIMINARY SITE DIAGNOSIS" (PDF). Jabal Moussa. p. 4. Retrieved 31 August 2013.[permanent dead link]
^"Overview". CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL. Retrieved 31 August 2013..
^Bou Dagher-Kharrat, Magda; El Zein, Hicham; Rouhan, Germinal (2018-06-01). "Setting conservation priorities for Lebanese flora—Identification of important plant areas". Journal for Nature Conservation. 43: 85–94. doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2017.11.004. ISSN 1617-1381.
^ abZahreddine, Hala G.; Struve, Daniel K.; Talhouk, Salma N. (2008). "Growth and Nutrient Partitioning of Containerized Malus trilobata Schneid. and Acer syriacum Boiss. and Gaill. Under Two Fertigation Regimes". HortScience. 43 (6): 1746–1752. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.43.6.1746.
^ abGoldstein, Margaret J. (2004). Lebanon in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 12–16. ISBN 978-0-8225-1171-7.
^Mallon, David P.; Kingswood, Steven Charles (2001). Antelopes: North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. IUCN. pp. 99–101. ISBN 978-2-8317-0594-1.
^"Ecosystems". Shouf Biosphere Reserve. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
^Leaman, D.J. (2015). "Viola libanotica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T203580A2768906. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T203580A2768906.en.
The floraofLebanon includes approximately 2,600 plant species. Situated on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Basin, Lebanon is a reservoir of plant...
the cedar ofLebanon or Lebanese cedar (Arabic: أرز لبناني, romanized: ʾarz Lubnāniyy), is a species of tree in the genus Cedrus, a part of the pine family...
areas of Jarash and Dibeen, Ajloun, and Al-Salt). In Israel, Helichrysum sanguineum is a endangered species. Wildlife in Israel FloraofLebanon Flowers...
year-round. Mount Lebanon is well-known for its snow-covered mountains, home to surviving Lebanese cedar forests and diverse high-altitude flora and fauna. The...
the flowering plant family Fabaceae which is noted for its prolific display of deep pink flowers in spring. It is native to Southern Europe and Western Asia...
Ferula hermonis is a species of flowering plant in the Apiaceae family. It is native to Lebanon, Syria and Turkey. The epithet hermonis refers to Mount...
garden plants: Vinca herbacea Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening 4: 664–665. Macmillan. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vinca...
one of the flora most frequently depicted on murals in Pompeii and elsewhere in Italy. These murals include the famous garden scene from the House of Livia...
spikes to 30 inches (76 cm) tall. Descriptions of medicinal use of the plant goes back to the writings of Theophrastus (4th century BCE), Dioscorides (1st...
shape of the leaves, which have a navel-like depression in the center. Wall pennywort grows to an average of 25 cm (9.8 in) high. The pallid spikes of bell-shaped...
distributed in the temperate and subtropical regions of the world, chiefly in Western Asia (Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia) to Afghanistan...
Corydalis solida, fumewort or bird-in-a-bush, is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae, native to moist, shady habitats in northern Europe...
Aubrieta deltoidea is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family. Common names include lilacbush, purple rock cress and rainbow rock cress. It...
lavender or topped lavender (U.S.) or French lavender (U.K.), is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, occurring natively in several Mediterranean...
Drimia maritima (syn. Urginea maritima) is a species of flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae (formerly the family Hyacinthaceae)...
Retrieved 2014-10-17. Eliáš, P. jr. 2011: Geranium purpureum Vill. – new alien species to the Slovak flora. Thaiszia journal of botany, 21: 21–28. v t e...
vulgaris (common thyme, German thyme, garden thyme or just thyme) is a species of flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae, native to southern Europe from...
Arum palaestinum is a species of flowering herbaceous perennial plant in the family Araceae and the genus Arum (also known as black calla, Solomon's lily...
Flora d'Italia – Edagricole – 1982. Vol. II, pag. 10 Synonyms from Catalogue of life[permanent dead link] E-FLORA BC: ELECTRONIC ATLAS OF THE FLORA OF...
2009-10-25. Flora Europaea: Euphorbia peplus Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Floraof Britain and Northern Europe. ISBN 0-340-40170-2 Davis. Floraof Turkey...
Vegetative Key to the British Flora. Southampton: John Poland. ISBN 978-0-9560144-0-5. Stace, C. A. (2010). New Floraof the British Isles (3rd ed.). Cambridge...
and the source of red dyes known as rose madder and Turkey red. It prefers loamy soils (sand and clay soil) with a constant level of moisture. Madder...
as the rest of the subspecies, since they are very similar in form and appearance. Its native range includes the rocky plains ofLebanon and Palestine...
China (in the provinces of Gansu, Jiangsu, Qinghai, Xinjiang and Xizang), Cyprus, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Syria and Turkey. In eastern...
south of the Sahel and north of the Tropic of Capricorn, also excluding the central-west rainforest areas. It also grows naturally in Lebanon; in the...
south-eastern Europe and Asia Minor. It is the type species of Quercus sect. Cerris, a section of the genus characterised by shoot buds surrounded by soft...
(2011). The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, Both Out-of-Doors and Under Glass. The...