Phonetic change of -t- and -d- between vowels in some English dialects
For other uses, see Flap (disambiguation).
History and description of
English pronunciation
Historical stages
Old English
Middle English
General development
In Old English
In Scots
Development of vowels
A
Close back
Close front
Diphthongs
Great Vowel Shift
Open back
Pre-L
Pre-R
Development of consonants
Single consonants
Clusters
Variable features
Cot–caught merger
Drawl
Flapping
H-dropping
L-vocalization
NG
R
Rhoticity
T-glottalization
TH
WH
Related topics
History of English
Spelling
v
t
e
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Flapping or tapping, also known as alveolar flapping, intervocalic flapping, or t-voicing, is a phonological process involving a voiced alveolar tap or flap; it is found in many varieties of English, especially North American, Cardiff, Ulster, Australian and New Zealand English, where the voiceless alveolar stop consonant phoneme /t/ is pronounced as a voiced alveolar flap [ɾ], a sound produced by briefly tapping the alveolar ridge with the tongue, when placed between vowels. In London English, the flapped [ɾ] is perceived as a casual pronunciation intermediate between the "posh" affricate [tsʰ] and the "rough" glottal stop [ʔ].[1] In some varieties, /d/, the voiced counterpart of /t/, may also be frequently pronounced as a flap in such positions, making pairs of words like latter and ladder sound similar or identical. In similar positions, the combination /nt/ may be pronounced as a nasalized flap [ɾ̃], making winter sound similar or identical to winner.
Flapping of /t/ is sometimes perceived as the replacement of /t/ with /d/; for example, the word butter pronounced with flapping may be heard as "budder".[2]
In other dialects of English, such as South African English, Scottish English, some Northern England English (like Scouse), and older varieties of Received Pronunciation, the flap is a variant of /r/ (see Pronunciation of English /r/).[3]
§ Brackets and transcription delimiters. Flapping or tapping, also known as alveolar flapping, intervocalic flapping, or t-voicing, is a phonological process...
unstressed vowel is pronounced as a flap consonant Flapping, one of the basic mechanics of bird flight Hand flapping, a common form of self-stimulatory...
protocols, route flapping can trigger routing updates with every state change. In both cases, it prevents the network from converging. Route flapping can be contained...
the link. "What is the Link-flap error in Cisco Switches?". Retrieved 2012-12-02. "How to Troubleshoot I/O Port Flapping". Retrieved 2012-12-02. v t e...
pteron 'wing') is an aircraft that flies by flapping its wings. Designers sought to imitate the flapping-wing flight of birds, bats, and insects. Though...
hdl:10106/577. Kwan-Young Oh. "Reanalysis of Flapping on Level Approach". Retrieved 2023-04-29. Tomasz P. Szynalski. "Flap t FAQ". Retrieved 2013-11-24. Walker...
Krueger flaps, or Krüger flaps, are lift enhancement devices that may be fitted to the leading edge of an aircraft wing. Unlike slats or droop flaps, the...
bum flap or butt flap refers in one usage to the rear flap in a union suit, In this usage, it is also sometimes termed as crap flap, evacuation flap, or...
Blown flaps or jet flaps are powered aerodynamic high-lift devices used on the wings of certain aircraft to improve their low-speed flight characteristics...
A rotation flap is a semicircular skin flap that is rotated into the defect on a fulcrum point. Rotation flaps provide the ability to mobilize large areas...
Flap steak, or flap meat (IMPS/NAMP 1185A, UNECE 2203) is a beef steak cut from the obliquus internus abdominis muscle of the bottom sirloin. It is generally...
The Gouge flap, invented by Arthur Gouge of Short Brothers in 1936, allowed the pilot to increase both the wing area and the chord of an aircraft's wing...
A tumble flap is a flap housed in the intake area of many modern automotive gasoline engines to produce a swirl at right-angles to the cylinder axis. This...
upward at the wrist (which can be similar to a bird flapping its wings, hence the name "flapping tremor"). The tremor is caused by abnormal function of...
Split flap may refer to: Flap_(aeronautics)#Split_flap Split-flap display This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Split flap. If...
A Gundersen flap, also known as Gundersen's flap, Gundersen's conjunctival flap, or conjunctivoplasty, and often misspelled Gunderson, is a surgical procedure...
A swirl flap is a small butterfly valve fitted to four-stroke internal combustion engines with at least two intake valves. It is installed inside or just...
A lateral flap is a family of consonantal sounds, used in some spoken languages. There are four attested or claimed lateral flaps in the world's languages:...
The Gurney flap (or wickerbill) is a small tab projecting from the trailing edge of a wing. Typically it is set at a right angle to the pressure-side surface...
A DIEP flap is type of breast reconstruction where blood vessels, fat, and skin from the lower belly are relocated to the chest to rebuild breasts after...
Mutton flaps, or breast of lamb, are an inexpensive cut of meat from a sheep. Consisting of a sheep's lower rib meat, mutton flaps are considered a low-quality...
[ˈkʰæɾɫ̩] party (t-flapping) [ˈpʰɑɹɾi] Optional flapping in certain contexts relatively without flapping [ˈɹɛɫɨtʰɪvɫi] relatively with flapping [ˈɹɛɫɨɾɪvɫi]...
Look up flapjack in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Flapjack may refer to: Flapjack (oat bar), a sweet tray-baked bar in British and Commonwealth cuisine...
Some common examples of stimming (sometimes called stims) include hand flapping, clapping, rocking, blinking, pacing, head banging, repeating noises or...
The terms free flap, free autologous tissue transfer and microvascular free tissue transfer are synonymous terms used to describe the "transplantation"...
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