Superconductors whose ferromagnetism is related to their superconductivity
Ferromagnetic superconductors are materials that display intrinsic coexistence of ferromagnetism and superconductivity. They include UGe2,[1] URhGe,[2] and UCoGe.[3] Evidence of ferromagnetic superconductivity was also reported for ZrZn2 in 2001, but later reports[4] question these findings. These materials exhibit superconductivity in proximity to a magnetic quantum critical point.
The nature of the superconducting state in ferromagnetic superconductors is currently under debate. Early investigations[5] studied the coexistence of conventional s-wave superconductivity with itinerant ferromagnetism. However, the scenario of spin-triplet pairing soon gained the upper hand.[6][7] A mean-field model for coexistence of spin-triplet pairing and ferromagnetism was developed in 2005.[8][9]
These models consider uniform coexistence of ferromagnetism and superconductivity, i.e. the same electrons which are both ferromagnetic and superconducting at the same time. Another scenario where there is an interplay between magnetic and superconducting order in the same material is superconductors with spiral or helical magnetic order. Examples of such include ErRh4B4 and HoMo6S8. In these cases, the superconducting and magnetic order parameters entwine each other in a spatially modulated pattern, which allows for their mutual coexistence, although it is no longer uniform. Even spin-singlet pairing may coexist with ferromagnetism in this manner.
^Saxena, S. S.; Agarwal, P; Agarwal, P.; Ahilan, K.; Grosche, F. M.; Haselwimmer, R. K. W.; Steiner, M. J.; Pugh, E.; et al. (2000). "Superconductivity on the border of itinerant-electron ferromagnetism in UGe2". Nature. 406 (6796): 587–92. Bibcode:2000Natur.406..587S. doi:10.1038/35020500. PMID 10949292. S2CID 983431.
^Huy, N.; Gasparini, A.; De Nijs, D.; Huang, Y.; Klaasse, J.; Gortenmulder, T.; De Visser, A.; Hamann, A.; Görlach, T.; Löhneysen, H. (2007). "Superconductivity on the border of weak itinerant ferromagnetism in UCoGe". Physical Review Letters. 99 (6): 67006. arXiv:0708.1388. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..99f7006H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.067006. PMID 17930860. S2CID 10155231.
^Yelland, E.; Hayden, S.; Yates, S.; Pfleiderer, C.; Uhlarz, M.; Vollmer, R.; Löhneysen, H.; Bernhoeft, N.; Smith, R.; Saxena, S.S.; Kimura, N. (2005). "Superconductivity induced by spark erosion in ZrZn2". Physical Review B. 72 (21): 214523. arXiv:cond-mat/0502341. Bibcode:2005PhRvB..72u4523Y. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.72.214523. S2CID 119485503.
^Karchev, N. I.; Blagoev, K. B.; Bedell, K. S.; Littlewood, P. B. (1999-11-30). "Coexistence of superconductivity and ferromagnetism in ferromagnetic metals". arXiv:cond-mat/9911489.
^Samokhin, K.; Walker, M. (2002). "Order parameter symmetry in ferromagnetic superconductors". Physical Review B. 66 (17): 174501. arXiv:cond-mat/0206487. Bibcode:2002PhRvB..66q4501S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.66.174501. S2CID 119355166.
^Nevidomskyy, Andriy (2005). "Coexistence of ferromagnetism and superconductivity near quantum phase transition: The Heisenberg- to Ising-type crossover". Physical Review Letters. 94 (9): 97003. arXiv:cond-mat/0412247. Bibcode:2005PhRvL..94i7003N. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.097003. PMID 15783990. S2CID 31327399.
^Linder, J.; Sudbø, A. (2007). "Quantum transport in noncentrosymmetric superconductors and thermodynamics of ferromagnetic superconductors". Physical Review B. 76 (5): 54511. arXiv:0707.2875. Bibcode:2007PhRvB..76e4511L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.76.054511. S2CID 119313463.
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