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A facial expression is one or more motions or positions of the muscles beneath the skin of the face. According to one set of controversial theories, these movements convey the emotional state of an individual to observers. Facial expressions are a form of nonverbal communication. They are a primary means of conveying social information between humans, but they also occur in most other mammals and some other animal species. (For a discussion of the controversies on these claims, see Fridlund[1] and Russell & Fernandez Dols.[2])
Humans can adopt a facial expression voluntarily or involuntarily, and the neural mechanisms responsible for controlling the expression differ in each case. Voluntary facial expressions are often socially conditioned and follow a cortical route in the brain. Conversely, involuntary facial expressions are believed to be innate and follow a subcortical route in the brain.
Facial recognition can be an emotional experience for the brain and the amygdala is highly involved in the recognition process. The Amygdala is the integrative center for emotions, emotional behavior, and motivation.
The eyes are often viewed as important features of facial expressions. Aspects such as blinking rate can possibly be used to indicate whether a person is nervous or whether they are lying. Also, eye contact is considered an important aspect of interpersonal communication. However, there are cultural differences regarding the social propriety of maintaining eye contact or not.
Beyond the accessory nature of facial expressions in spoken communication between people, they play a significant role in communication with sign language. Many phrases in sign language include facial expressions in the display.
There is controversy surrounding the question of whether facial expressions are a worldwide and universal display among humans. Supporters of the Universality Hypothesis claim that many facial expressions are innate and have roots in evolutionary ancestors. Opponents of this view question the accuracy of the studies used to test this claim and instead believe that facial expressions are conditioned and that people view and understand facial expressions in large part from the social situations around them. Moreover, facial expressions have a strong connection with personal psychology. Some psychologists have the ability to discern hidden meaning from a person's facial expression. [clarification needed]
A 2020 study on "emotion residue" found that even when study participants attempted to make neutral facial expressions, their faces still retained emotion residue from prior expressions, and these prior expressions were able to be detected by observers.[3]
One experiment investigated the influence of gaze direction and facial expression on face memory. Participants were shown a set of unfamiliar faces with either happy or angry facial expressions, which were either gazing straight ahead or had their gaze averted to one side. Memory for faces that were initially shown with angry expressions was found to be poorer when these faces had averted as opposed to direct gaze, whereas memory for individuals shown with happy faces was unaffected by gaze direction. It is suggested that memory for another individual's face partly depends on an evaluation of the behavioural intention of that individual.[4]
^Alan J. Fridlund (1994). Human facial expression (1 ed.). San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-267630-7.
^J.A. Russell; J.M. Fernandez Dols (1997). The psychology of facial expression (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-58796-9.
^Albohn, Daniel N.; Adams, Reginald B. (2021-05-01). "Emotion Residue in Neutral Faces: Implications for Impression Formation". Social Psychological and Personality Science. 12 (4): 479–486. doi:10.1177/1948550620923229. ISSN 1948-5506. S2CID 225674024.
^Nakashima, Satoshi F.; Langton, Stephen R.H.; Yoshikawa, Sakiko (2012). "The effect of facial expression and gaze direction on memory for unfamiliar faces" (PDF). Cognition and Emotion. 26 (7): 1316–25. doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.619734. hdl:1893/21041. PMID 22077759. S2CID 15646129.
A facialexpression is one or more motions or positions of the muscles beneath the skin of the face. According to one set of controversial theories, these...
that attach to the dermis. The facial muscles are just under the skin (subcutaneous) muscles that control facialexpression. They generally originate from...
that emerges from the pons of the brainstem, controls the muscles of facialexpression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior...
allow more opportunities for using models and rules. Facialexpression capture is similar to facial motion capture. It is a process of using visual or mechanical...
perceive emotions in others. For example, a video camera might capture facialexpressions, body posture, and gestures, while a microphone might capture speech...
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excludes automated facial recognition systems. Although facial recognition is found in other species, this article focuses on facial perception in humans...
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with complete facial paralysis and cannot close their eyes or form facialexpressions. Limb and chest wall abnormalities sometimes occur with the syndrome...
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dental abscess, and cluster headaches. The facial nerve (VII) controls most muscles of facialexpression, supplies the sensation of taste from the front...
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are used to express or convey information. Such behavior includes facialexpressions, body posture, gestures, eye movement, touch and the use of space...
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revealing the teeth Facial appearance is vital for human recognition and communication. Facial muscles in humans allow expression of emotions.[citation...
nonverbal, and can occur with or without self-awareness. Emotional expressions include facial movements like smiling or scowling, simple behaviors like crying...
A frown (also known as a scowl) is a facialexpression in which the eyebrows are brought together, and the forehead is wrinkled, usually indicating displeasure...
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sender intended. Encoding is the act of generating information such as facialexpressions, gestures, and postures. Encoding information utilizes signals which...
Francisco who is a pioneer in the study of emotions and their relation to facialexpressions. He was ranked 59th out of the 100 most cited psychologists of the...
because they are believed to be distinguishable by an individual's facialexpression and biological processes. Theorists have conducted studies to determine...
behaviour that communicates emotion Facialexpression, a movement of the face that conveys emotional state Gene expression, the process by which information...
signal of amusement and is recognizable across cultures. An amused facialexpression typically has these characteristics: Head: Thrown back with jaw lifted...
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