Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles information
Middle ear bones evolved from jaw bones
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The evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles was an evolutionary process that resulted in the formation of the bones of the mammalian middle ear. These bones, or ossicles, are a defining characteristic of all mammals. The event is well-documented[1] and important[2][3] as a demonstration of transitional forms and exaptation, the re-purposing of existing structures during evolution.[4]
The ossicles evolved from skull bones present in most tetrapods, including the reptilian lineage. The reptilian quadrate bone, articular bone, and columella evolved into the mammalian incus, malleus, and stapes (anvil, hammer, and stirrup), respectively.
In reptiles, the eardrum is connected to the inner ear via a single bone, the columella, while the upper and lower jaws contain several bones not found in mammals. Over the course of the evolution of mammals, one bone from the lower and one from the upper jaw (the articular and quadrate bones) lost their function in the jaw joint and migrated to the middle ear. The shortened columella connected to these bones within the middle ear to form a chain of three bones, the ossicles, which serve to effectively transmit air-based vibrations and facilitate more acute hearing.
^Allin EF (December 1975). "Evolution of the mammalian middle ear". Journal of Morphology. 147 (4): 403–437. doi:10.1002/jmor.1051470404. PMID 1202224. S2CID 25886311.
^Meier & Ruf (2016), page 270, Introduction, "The study of the mammalian middle ear has been one of the central themes of vertebrate morphological research of the last 200 years."
^Cuffey CA (2001). "The Fossil Record: Evolution or "Scientific Creation": Mammal-Like Reptiles". GCSSEPM Foundation. Archived from the original on May 1, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-17.
^"Jaws to ears in the ancestors of mammals". UC Berkeley. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
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