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The European social model is a concept that emerged in the discussion of economic globalization and typically contrasts the degree of employment regulation and social protection in European countries to conditions in the United States.[1][2] It is commonly cited in policy debates in the European Union, including by representatives of both labour unions[3] and employers,[4] to connote broadly "the conviction that economic progress and social progress are inseparable" and that "[c]ompetitiveness and solidarity have both been taken into account in building a successful Europe for the future".[5]
While European states do not all use a single social model, welfare states in Europe share several broad characteristics. These generally include an acceptance of political responsibility for levels and conditions of employment, social protections for all citizens, social inclusion, and democracy. Examples common among European countries include universal health care, free higher education, strong labor protections and regulations, and generous welfare programs in areas such as unemployment insurance, retirement pensions, and public housing. The Treaty of the European Community set out several social objectives: "promotion of employment, improved living and working conditions ... proper social protection, dialogue between management and labour, the development of human resources with a view to lasting high employment and the combating of exclusion."[6] Because different European states focus on different aspects of the model, it has been argued that there are four distinct social models in Europe: the Nordic, British, Mediterranean and the Continental.[7][8]
The general outlines of a European social model emerged during the post-war boom. Tony Judt lists a number of causes: the abandonment of protectionism, the baby boom, cheap energy, and a desire to catch up with living standards enjoyed in the United States. The European social model also enjoyed a low degree of external competition as the Soviet bloc, China and India were not yet integrated into the global economy.[9] In recent years, some have questioned whether the European social model is sustainable in the face of low birthrates, globalisation, Europeanisation and an ageing population.[10]
^Alber, Jens; Gilbert, Neil (2010). United in Diversity?: Comparing Social Models in Europe and America. Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Onlin. ISBN 9780195376630. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
^McDowell, Manfred (1995). "NAFTA and the EC Social Dimension". Labor Studies Journal. 20 (1). Retrieved 11 September 2020.
^ETUC. "The European Social Model". etuc.org. European Trade Union Congress. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
^European Social and Economic Committee, Employers Group. "The European Social Model: Can we still afford it in this globalised world?" (PDF). Europa (web portal)/. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
^European Observatory of Working Life, EurWORK. "European social model". Europa (web portal). Retrieved 11 September 2020.
^"The European Social Model". European Trade Union Confederation. 21 March 2007. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
^Sapir, André. 2005. Globalisation and the Reform of European Social Models. Bruegel. http://www.bruegel.org/1425[permanent dead link].
^Barr, N. (2004), Economics of the welfare state. New York: Oxford University Press (USA).
^Charlemagne (11 December 2008). "The Economist". The left's resignation note. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
^"Remarks by Governor Liikanen: "A European Social Model: an Asset or a Liability?"". Budapest: The World Political Forum. 27 November 2007. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
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