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Social democracy is a political, social, and economic philosophy within socialism[1] that supports political and economic democracy and supports a gradualist, reformist and democratic approach towards achieving socialism, usually under a social liberal framework.[clarification needed][2] In practice, social democracy takes a form of socially managed welfare capitalism, achieved with partial public ownership, economic interventionism, and policies promoting social equality.[3]
Social democracy maintains a commitment to representative and participatory democracy. Common aims include curbing inequality, eliminating the oppression of underprivileged groups, eradicating poverty, and upholding universally accessible public services such as child care, education, elderly care, health care, and workers' compensation.[4][5] Economically, it supports income redistribution and regulating the economy in the public interest.[6]
Social democracy has a strong, long-standing connection with trade unions and the broader labour movement. It is supportive of measures to foster greater democratic decision-making in the economic sphere, including co-determination, collective bargaining rights for workers, and expanding ownership to employees and other stakeholders.[7]
The history of social democracy stretches back to the 19th-century labour movement. Originally a catch-all term for socialists of varying tendencies, after the Russian Revolution, it came to refer to reformist socialists that are opposed to the authoritarian and centralized Soviet model of socialism.[8] In the post-war era, social democrats embraced mixed economies with a predominance of private property and promoted the regulation of capitalism over its replacement with a qualitatively different socialist economic system.[9] Since then, social democracy has been associated with Keynesian economics, the Nordic model, social liberalism, and welfare states.[10]
Social democracy has been described as the most common form of Western or modern socialism,[11] and democratic socialism.[12] Amongst social democrats, attitudes towards socialism vary: some retain socialism as a long-term goal[13] while others view it as an ethical ideal to guide reforms within capitalism. One way social democracy can be distinguished from democratic socialism is social democracy aims to strike a balance by advocating for a mixed market economy where capitalism is regulated to address inequalities through social welfare programs. It supports private ownership with a strong emphasis on a well-regulated market, on the other hand, democratic socialism places greater emphasis on abolishing private property ownership.[14] Nevertheless, the distinction remains blurred[15] and the term is commonly used synonymously.
The Third Way is an off-shoot of social democracy which aims to fuse economically liberal with social democratic economic policies and center-left social policies. It is a reconceptualization of social democracy developed in the 1990s and embraced by some social democratic parties; some analysts have characterized the Third Way as part of the neoliberal movement.[16]
- ^ Eatwell & Wright 1999, pp. 80–103; Newman 2005, p. 5; Heywood 2007, pp. 101, 134–136, 139; Ypi 2018; Watson 2019.
- ^ Wintrop 1983, p. 306; Archer 1995; Jones 2001, p. 737; Ritzer 2004, p. 479.
- ^ Lane, David (2023). "The Decay of Social Democracy". Global Neoliberal Capitalism and the Alternatives: From Social Democracy to State Capitalisms. Bristol: Bristol University Press. pp. 96–114. ISBN 978-1-5292-2093-3.
- ^ Heywood 2012, p. 97; Hoefer 2013, p. 29.
- ^ Hinchman & Meyer 2007, p. 137.
- ^ Miller 1998, p. 827; Badie, Berg-Schlosser & Morlino 2011, p. 2423; Heywood 2012, p. 128.
- ^ Hinchman & Meyer 2007, p. 91; Mathers, Taylor & Upchurch 2009, p. 51.
- ^ Adams 1993, pp. 102–103.
- ^ Weisskopf 1992, p. 10; Miller 1998, p. 827; Jones 2001, p. 1410; Heywood 2012, pp. 125–128.
- ^ Gombert 2009, p. 8; Sejersted 2011.
- ^ Eatwell & Wright 1999, pp. 81, 100; Pruitt 2019; Berman 2020.
- ^ Williams 1985, p. 289; Foley 1994, p. 23; Eatwell & Wright 1999, p. 80; Busky 2000, p. 8; Sargent 2008, p. 117; Heywood 2012, p. 97; Hain 2015, p. 3.
- ^ Roemer 1994, pp. 25–27; Berman 1998, p. 57; Bailey 2009, p. 77; Lamb 2015, pp. 415–416.
- ^ Astor, Maggie (22 September 2018). "Are You a Democratic Socialist?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
- ^ Weisskopf 1992, p. 10.
- ^ Romano 2006, p. 11.