Escape response, escape reaction, or escape behavior is a mechanism by which animals avoid potential predation. It consists of a rapid sequence of movements, or lack of movement, that position the animal in such a way that allows it to hide, freeze, or flee from the supposed predator.[1][2] Often, an animal's escape response is representative of an instinctual defensive mechanism, though there is evidence that these escape responses may be learned or influenced by experience.[3]
The classical escape response follows this generalized, conceptual timeline: threat detection, escape initiation, escape execution, and escape termination or conclusion. Threat detection notifies an animal to a potential predator or otherwise dangerous stimulus, which provokes escape initiation, through neural reflexes or more coordinated cognitive processes. Escape execution refers to the movement or series of movements that will hide the animal from the threat or will allow for the animal to flee. Once the animal has effectively avoided the predator or threat, the escape response is terminated. Upon completion of the escape behavior or response, the animal may integrate the experience with its memory, allowing it to learn and adapt its escape response.[3]
Escape responses are anti-predator behaviour that can vary from species to species.[4][5][6][7][8] The behaviors themselves differ depending upon the species, but may include camouflaging techniques, freezing, or some form of fleeing (jumping, flying, withdrawal, etc.).[2][1][3] In fact, variation between individuals is linked to increased survival.[9] In addition, it is not merely increased speed that contributes to the success of the escape response; other factors, including reaction time and the individual's context can play a role.[9] The individual escape response of a particular animal can vary based on an animal's previous experiences and its current state.[10]
^ abCite error: The named reference York_2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abCite error: The named reference Bedore_2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abcEvans DA, Stempel AV, Vale R, Branco T (April 2019). "Cognitive Control of Escape Behaviour". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 23 (4): 334–348. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2019.01.012. PMC 6438863. PMID 30852123.
^Domenici P, Booth D, Blagburn JM, Bacon JP (November 2008). "Cockroaches keep predators guessing by using preferred escape trajectories". Current Biology. 18 (22): 1792–6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.09.062. PMC 2678410. PMID 19013065.
^Eaton RC (1984). Eaton RC (ed.). Neural Mechanisms of Startle Behavior | SpringerLink. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2286-1. ISBN 978-1-4899-2288-5.
^Samia, Diogo S. M.; Nakagawa, Shinichi; Nomura, Fausto; Rangel, Thiago F.; Blumstein, Daniel T. (November 16, 2015). "Increased tolerance to humans among disturbed wildlife". Nature Communications. 6 (1): 8877. doi:10.1038/ncomms9877. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4660219. PMID 26568451.
^Stankowich, Theodore; Blumstein, Daniel T (December 22, 2005). "Fear in animals: a meta-analysis and review of risk assessment". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 272 (1581): 2627–2634. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3251. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 1559976. PMID 16321785.
^Mikula, Peter; Tomášek, Oldřich; Romportl, Dušan; Aikins, Timothy K.; Avendaño, Jorge E.; Braimoh-Azaki, Bukola D. A.; Chaskda, Adams; Cresswell, Will; Cunningham, Susan J.; Dale, Svein; Favoretto, Gabriela R.; Floyd, Kelvin S.; Glover, Hayley; Grim, Tomáš; Henry, Dominic A. W. (April 20, 2023). "Bird tolerance to humans in open tropical ecosystems". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 2146. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-37936-5. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10119130. PMID 37081049.
^ abWalker JA, Ghalambor CK, Griset OL, McKenney D, Reznick DN (October 1, 2005). "Do faster starts increase the probability of evading predators?". Functional Ecology. 19 (5): 808–815. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2005.01033.x.
^von Reyn CR, Nern A, Williamson WR, Breads P, Wu M, Namiki S, Card GM (June 2017). "Feature Integration Drives Probabilistic Behavior in the Drosophila Escape Response". Neuron. 94 (6): 1190–1204.e6. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.05.036. PMID 28641115.
Escaperesponse, escape reaction, or escape behavior is a mechanism by which animals avoid potential predation. It consists of a rapid sequence of movements...
C-start escaperesponse, which is generated by large neurons called Mauthner cells. Mauthner cells operate as a command center for the escaperesponse and...
Look up escape in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Escape or Escaping may refer to: Escape (1928 film), a German silent drama film Escape! (film), a 1930...
facilitates escape from sudden stimuli. It is found across many different species, throughout all stages of life. A variety of responses may occur depending...
exposure and response prevention (ERP or ExRP) therapy, in which exposure is continued and the resolution to refrain from the escaperesponse is maintained...
behaviors while generating a fixed action pattern for escape swimming. The type of escaperesponse depends on the region of the crayfish that is stimulated...
Escape reflex, or escape behavior, is any kind of escaperesponse found in an animal when it is presented with an unwanted stimulus. It is a simple reflectory...
(1 February 2010). "Repeated exposure and handling effects on the escaperesponse of fence lizards to encounters with invasive fire ants". Animal Behaviour...
with swimmerets on the underside of their abdomens, although their escaperesponse is typically repeated flicks with the tail driving them backwards very...
diffusion, protein phosphorylation etc. In order to initiate fast escaperesponses, these may have been coupled directly to the motility apparatus—particularly...
received a mainly positive response from critics and is generally considered the best sequel of the original Apes series. Escape was followed by Conquest...
conditioning). An escaperesponse occurs when an aversive stimulus is presented and the subject makes a response to remove or escape the stimulus. In the...
thereby propelling itself rapidly forward. Functionally this is a fast escaperesponse, triggered most easily by a strong sound wave or pressure wave impinging...
the behavior of cats trying to escape from home-made puzzle boxes. A cat could escape from the box by a simple response such as pulling a cord or pushing...
continuous displacements with some escape reactions (e.g. most calanoid copepods). Some copepods have extremely fast escaperesponses when a predator is sensed...
fundamentally different from navigation or exploration, since response times must be rapid. Escape reactions are achieved by action potential-like phenomena...
Science. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-444-62719-3. Bloom, S. (1975). "The motile escaperesponse of a sessile prey: a sponge-scallop mutualism". Journal of Experimental...
inhalation is repeated to provide continuous locomotion. Fast jetting is an escaperesponse. In this form of locomotion, radial muscles in the mantle wall are...
and squid have evolved the giant axon to improve the speed of their escaperesponse. The increased radius of the squid axon decreases the internal resistance...
thereby propelling itself rapidly forward. Functionally this is a fast escaperesponse, triggered most easily by a strong sound wave or pressure wave impinging...
inhibit parts of the innate immune response. A bacterium, Bordetella pertussis, is able to escape the immune response by inhibiting neutrophils and macrophages...
noise is possibly distracting the fish, and thereby affecting the escaperesponse and routine swimming of the coral fish. A study conducted on species...
Acartia spp., because they tend to be very small in size and have a high escaperesponse to predators such as the herring and sprat. Although Acartia spp. may...
serratissima at least, only takes place after mechanical stimulation or as an escaperesponse evoked by a predator. In 2005, a stalked crinoid was recorded pulling...
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