Epidemic typhus, also known as louse-borne typhus, is a form of typhus so named because the disease often causes epidemics following wars and natural disasters where civil life is disrupted.[4][5] Epidemic typhus is spread to people through contact with infected body lice, in contrast to endemic typhus which is usually transmitted by fleas.[4][5]
Though typhus has been responsible for millions of deaths throughout history, it is still considered a rare disease that occurs mainly in populations that suffer unhygienic extreme overcrowding.[6] Typhus is most rare in industrialized countries. It occurs primarily in the colder, mountainous regions of central and east Africa, as well as Central and South America.[7] The causative organism is Rickettsia prowazekii, transmitted by the human body louse (Pediculus humanus corporis).[8][9] Untreated typhus cases have a fatality rate of approximately 40%.[7]
Epidemic typhus should not be confused with murine typhus, which is more endemic to the United States, particularly Southern California and Texas. This form of typhus has similar symptoms but is caused by Rickettsia typhi, is less deadly, and has different vectors for transmission.[10]
^Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 1130. ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1.
^"Diseases P-T at sedgleymanor.com". Retrieved 2007-07-17.
^Jochmann, Georg (26 December 2017). Lehrbuch der Infektionskrankheiten fur Arzte und studierende. Berlin : J. Springer – via Internet Archive.
^ ab"Epidemic typhus". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020-11-13. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
^ abLi, Li; Li, Guiying (2015). "Epidemic and Endemic Typhus". In Li, Hongjun (ed.). Radiology of Infectious Diseases: Volume 2. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 89–94. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9876-1_8. ISBN 978-94-017-9875-4.
^ ab"WHO | Typhus fever (Epidemic louse-borne typhus)". WHO. Archived from the original on December 26, 2012. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
^Gray MW (November 1998). "Rickettsia, typhus and the mitochondrial connection". Nature. 396 (6707): 109–10. Bibcode:1998Natur.396..109G. doi:10.1038/24030. PMID 9823885. S2CID 5477013.
^Andersson JO, Andersson SG (March 2000). "A century of typhus, lice and Rickettsia". Res. Microbiol. 151 (2): 143–50. doi:10.1016/s0923-2508(00)00116-9. PMID 10865960.
^Health, Adam (8 October 2019). "Typhus". Healthing.ca. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11. Retrieved 2020-12-10.
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further testing should be done to determine antibiotic resistance. In epidemic situations, a clinical diagnosis may be made by taking a patient history...
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