Method by which voters make a choice between options
Map showing the electoral systems used to elect candidates to the lower or sole (unicameral) house of national legislatures, as of January 2022[update]: Majoritarian system, single-winner districts
An electoral system or voting system is a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined. Electoral systems are used in politics to elect governments, while non-political elections may take place in business, non-profit organisations and informal organisations. These rules govern all aspects of the voting process: when elections occur, who is allowed to vote, who can stand as a candidate, how ballots are marked and cast, how the ballots are counted, how votes translate into the election outcome, limits on campaign spending, and other factors that can affect the result. Political electoral systems are defined by constitutions and electoral laws, are typically conducted by election commissions, and can use multiple types of elections for different offices.
Some electoral systems elect a single winner to a unique position, such as prime minister, president or governor, while others elect multiple winners, such as members of parliament or boards of directors. When electing a legislature, areas may be divided into constituencies with one or more representatives or the electorate may elect representatives as a single unit. Voters may vote directly for an individual candidate or for a list of candidates put forward by a political party or alliance. There are many variations in electoral systems, the most common being Party-list proportional representation, first-past-the-post voting, plurality block voting, the two-round (runoff) system and ranked voting (STV or Instant-runoff voting). Mixed systems and some other electoral systems attempt to combine the benefits of non-proportional and proportional systems.
The study of formally defined electoral methods is called social choice theory or voting theory, and this study can take place within the field of political science, economics, or mathematics, and specifically within the subfields of game theory and mechanism design. Impossibility proofs such as Arrow's impossibility theorem demonstrate that when voters have three or more alternatives, no preferential voting system can guarantee the race between two candidates remains unaffected when an irrelevant candidate participates or drops out of the election.
An electoralsystem or voting system is a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined...
An electoralsystem (or voting system) is a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined...
The electoralsystem of Australia comprises the laws and processes used for the election of members of the Australian Parliament and is governed primarily...
A mixed electoralsystem or mixed-member electoralsystem combines methods of majoritarian and proportional representation (PR). The majoritarian component...
single-vote system was used. Using this single vote, the voter elected both a state party list and a direct candidate of the same party from his electoral district...
The Canadian electoralsystem is based on a parliamentary system of government modelled on that of the United Kingdom. The Parliament of Canada consists...
Proportional representation (PR) refers to any type of electoralsystem under which subgroups of an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected...
parliaments can occur in certain situations. The five electoralsystems used are: the single member plurality system (first-past-the-post), the multi-member plurality...
which officeholders were chosen by lot. Electoral reform describes the process of introducing fair electoralsystems where they are not in place, or improving...
of electoralsystems by country in alphabetical order. An electoralsystem is used to elect national legislatures and heads of state. Type of system Type...
every level in the people's congress system...the tiered, indirect electoral mechanism in the People's Congress system ensures that deputies at the highest...
Macedonia/ The date when they will be held is revealed". CNA. 4 December 2023. Electoralsystem IPU Early Parliamentary Elections 11 December 2016 OSCE...
known to others but themselves. Honest (jujur): Voters, candidates, and electoral institutions shall perform their duty in complete honesty. Fair (adil):...
com/article/panama-ricardo-martinelli-president-432be99db9fc43d53a4d7aa52c1b45df Electoralsystem IPU https://t.me/AmericaElects/324 López Lazo, Pavel (28 March 2022)...
ElectoralSystem". Instituto Nacional Electoral. 22 April 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2023. "Constitution, Arts. 52 et seq" (PDF). Electoralsystem IPU...
would make more sense to speak of a "1960 system." The electoralsystem that was used under the 1955 system is known as the Single Nontransferable Vote...
Plurality voting refers to electoralsystems in which a candidate in an electoral district who polls more than any other (that is, receives a plurality)...
the block vote system, whereby voters have as many votes as there are seats available. In addition to the elected members, the Electoral Supervisory Commission...
proportional representation using either a list system or single transferable vote. The national electoral threshold may not exceed 5% of votes cast. In...
The electoralsystem of Turkey varies for general, presidential and local elections that take place in Turkey every five years. Turkey has been a multi-party...
comparison of electoralsystems, otherwise known as social choice functions. Viewed from the perspective of political science, electoralsystems are rules...
changed their electoralsystems to use open lists to incorporate personalised representation to their proportional systems. In closed list systems, each political...
uses different electoralsystems for elections to (the UK) Parliament, the Scottish Parliament and to local councils. A different system was also in use...
The electoralsystem of Brazil is the set of means used to choose representatives and government members of the Federative Republic of Brazil. The current...
In an electoralsystem, a deposit is the sum of money that a candidate for an elected office, such as a seat in a legislature, is required to pay to an...
2024. Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoralsystems". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017...
An electoral district, also known as an election district, legislative district, voting district, constituency, riding, ward, division, electorate, or...
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