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Elections in the People's Republic of China occur under a one-party authoritarian political system controlled by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).^[1]^[2] Direct elections, except in the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau, occur only at the local level people's congresses and village committees, with all candidate nominations preapproved by the CCP.^[1]^[3] By law, all elections at all levels must adhere to the leadership of the CCP.^[4]

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, elections have been highly constrained by the CCP's monopoly on power, limitations on free speech, and party control over nominations.^[5]^[6]^[7] Elections are not pluralistic as no opposition is allowed.^[8]^[9] Rory Truex, a researcher of Chinese politics at Princeton University, states that "the CCP tightly controls the nomination and election processes at every level in the people's congress system...the tiered, indirect electoral mechanism in the People's Congress system ensures that deputies at the highest levels face no semblance of electoral accountability to the Chinese citizenry."^[9]

Local people's congresses are directly elected under the control of the CCP. All higher levels of people's congresses up to the National People's Congress (NPC), the national legislature, are indirectly elected by the people's congress of the level immediately below.^[9] Candidate nominations at all levels are controlled by the CCP, and CCP's supreme position is enshrined in the state constitution.^[8]

^ ^a ^b Gandhi, Jennifer; Lust-Okar, Ellen (2009-06-01). "Elections Under Authoritarianism". Annual Review of Political Science. 12 (1): 403–422. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060106.095434. ISSN 1094-2939.
^ Lee, Ching Kwan; Zhang, Yonghong (2013-05-01). "The Power of Instability: Unraveling the Microfoundations of Bargained Authoritarianism in China". American Journal of Sociology. 118 (6): 1475–1508. doi:10.1086/670802. ISSN 0002-9602. S2CID 144559373.
^ Geddes, Barbara; Wright, Joseph; Frantz, Erica (2018). How Dictatorships Work. Cambridge University Press. p. 141. doi:10.1017/9781316336182. ISBN 978-1-316-33618-2. S2CID 226899229.
^ Hao, Mingsong; Ke, Xiwang (5 July 2023). "Personal Networks and Grassroots Election Participation in China: Findings from the Chinese General Social Survey". Journal of Chinese Political Science. 29 (1): 159–184. doi:10.1007/s11366-023-09861-3. ISSN 1080-6954.
^ Hernández, Javier C. (2016-11-15). "'We Have a Fake Election': China Disrupts Local Campaigns". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2021-11-05. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
^ "The West once dreamed of democracy taking root in rural China". The Economist. 2021-01-14. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 2021-11-05. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
^ Cite error: The named reference NYT2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b "Democracy". Decoding China. Heidelberg University. 4 February 2021. Archived from the original on 2022-08-16. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
^ ^a ^b ^c Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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