Égyptien de tradition (French terminus technicus), also known as Traditional Egyptian,[1] is a literary and religious hieroglyphic written language artificially cultivated in ancient Egypt from the later New Kingdom until the Greco-Roman Period (14th century BCE - 4th century CE). It is based on older varieties of Egyptian, in particular Middle Egyptian (therefore also referred to as "Neo-Middle Egyptian",[2] or "Late-Middle Egyptian"[3])[4] but in some cases also contains characteristics of Old Egyptian, Late Egyptian, or Demotic.
More on the basis of significantly different hieroglyphic orthography than linguistic characteristics, a distinction is usually made between:
classical Égyptien de tradition, written in the classical hieroglyphic writing system (from the 14th century BC)
“Ptolemaic” (Égyptien de tradition of the Greco-Roman Period with its own characteristic hieroglyphic, “Ptolemaic” writing system; from the 4th century BC)
The last hieroglyphic inscription, written in Égyptien de tradition, dates to the end of the 4th century AD.
^English translation criticized by Pascal Vernus: Traditional Egyptian I (Dynamics), https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0bg342rh, in: UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1). 2016, p. 2: “Note that the literal French translation of “Traditional Egyptian” would be “égyptien traditionnel,” which does not convey precisely the same meaning as “égyptien de tradition”: while the former emphasizes the status of the language, the latter emphasizes the past materials on which the language relies and which constitute the very core of the definition.”.
^Friedrich Junge: „Sprache“, in: Lexikon der Ägyptologie V, 1984, p. 1176–1211.
^Karl Jansen-Winkeln: Spätmittelägyptische Grammatik der Texte der 3. Zwischenzeit. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1996.
^Criticized by Pascal Vernus: Traditional Egyptian I (Dynamics), https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0bg342rh, in: UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1). 2016, p. 9.
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