A section of the hieroglyphic calendar at the Kom Ombo Temple, displaying the transition from Month XII to Month I without mention of the five epagomenal days.Astronomical ceiling from the Tomb of Senenmut (XVIII Dynasty, c. 1479–1458 BC), discovered in Thebes, Upper Egypt; facsimile preserved in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.[1]The sky goddess Nut and human figures representing stars and constellations from the star chart in the tomb of Ramses VI.
The ancient Egyptian calendar – a civil calendar – was a solar calendar with a 365-day year. The year consisted of three seasons of 120 days each, plus an intercalary month of five epagomenal days treated as outside of the year proper. Each season was divided into four months of 30 days. These twelve months were initially numbered within each season but came to also be known by the names of their principal festivals. Each month was divided into three 10-day periods known as decans or decades. It has been suggested that during the Nineteenth Dynasty and the Twentieth Dynasty the last two days of each decan were usually treated as a kind of weekend for the royal craftsmen, with royal artisans free from work.[2]
Because this calendrical year was nearly a quarter of a day shorter than the solar year, the Egyptian calendar lost about one day every four years relative to the Gregorian calendar. It is therefore sometimes referred to as the wandering year (Latin: annus vagus), as its months rotated about one day through the solar year every four years. Ptolemy III's Canopus Decree attempted to correct this through the introduction of a sixth epagomenal day every four years but the proposal was resisted by the Egyptian priests and people and abandoned until the establishment of the Alexandrian or Coptic calendar by Augustus. The introduction of a leap day to the Egyptian calendar made it equivalent to the reformed Julian calendar, although by extension it continues to diverge from the Gregorian calendar at the turn of most centuries.
This civil calendar ran concurrently with an Egyptian lunar calendar which was used for some religious rituals and festivals. Some Egyptologists have described it as lunisolar, with an intercalary month supposedly added every two or three years to maintain its consistency with the solar year, but no evidence of such intercalation before the 4th century BC has yet been discovered.
^Full version at Met Museum
^"Telling Time in Ancient Egypt". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
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Egyptian priests, and the reform was not adopted until 25 BC, when the Roman Emperor Augustus imposed the Decree upon Egypt as its official calendar (although...
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Gregorian calendar, while they are in the Ethiopian calendar, meaning dates before 1900 and after 2100 will be offset. Egyptiancalendar Coptic calendar Computus...
phenomena in 24 BC in both the Egyptian and Roman calendars. From 30 August 26 BC (Julian), Egypt had two calendars: the old Egyptian in which every year had...
Hijri calendar (Arabic: ٱلتَّقْوِيم ٱلْهِجْرِيّ, romanized: al-taqwīm al-hijrī), or Arabic calendar also known in English as the Muslim calendar and Islamic...
ancient Egyptiancalendar consisted of twelve months, each divided into three weeks of ten days, with five intercalary days. The original Roman calendar consisted...
2nd-century works. Egyptian hieroglyphics and Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian Ancient Egyptian mathematics and technology Egyptiancalendar and astronomy...
many details of the chronology of Ancient Egypt. This scholarly consensus is known as the Conventional Egyptian chronology, which places the beginning of...
A lunisolar calendar is a calendar in many cultures, incorporating lunar calendars and solar calendars. The date of lunisolar calendars therefore indicates...
of the star Sirius (Ancient Egyptian: spdt or Sopdet, 'Triangle'; Greek: Σῶθις, Sō̂this) on 19 July in the Julian calendar. It is an important aspect of...
of the Inundation or Flood (Ancient Egyptian: Ꜣḫt) was the first season of the lunar and civil Egyptiancalendars. It fell after the intercalary month...
or Low Water was the third and final season of the lunar and civil Egyptiancalendars. It fell after the Season of the Emergence (Prt) and before the spiritually...
alphabet. The first task is to rotate the Egyptiancalendar ring to match the current zodiac points. The Egyptiancalendar ignored leap days, so it advanced through...
unified Achaemenid Empire required a distinctive Iranian calendar, and one was devised in Egyptian tradition, with 12 months of 30 days, each dedicated to...
This calendar is based on the ancient Egyptiancalendar. To avoid the calendar creep of the latter, a reform of the ancient Egyptiancalendar was introduced...
Ptolemies began to adopt Egyptian customs, such as marrying their siblings per the Osiris myth and participating in Egyptian religious life. New temples...
All Arab states use the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes. The names of the Gregorian months as used in Egypt, Sudan, and Yemen are widely regarded...
The Season of the Emergence (Ancient Egyptian: Prt) was the second season of the lunar and civil Egyptiancalendars. It fell after the Season of the Inundation...
holidays on the calendar while others are movable. There are four Islamic holidays and two Christian holidays. The National Day of Egypt is celebrated on...
(/ˈdɛkənz/; Egyptian bꜣktw or baktiu, "[those] connected with work") are 36 groups of stars (small constellations) used in the ancient Egyptian astronomy...
month of the ancient Egyptian and Coptic calendars. It is identical to Nahase (Amharic: ነሐሴ, Nähase) in the Ethiopian calendar. The ancient and Coptic...
calendar had a ten-day week, as did the ancient Egyptiancalendar (and, incidentally, the French Republican Calendar, dividing its 30-day months into thirds)...
considerably more complex deity. Set represented the moon in the ancient Egyptiancalendar. Metztli, Coyolxauhqui and Tēcciztēcatl are all lunar deities in the...
site, one of the earliest of the Egyptian Neolithic Period, is dated to circa 7500 BC. Although today the western Egyptian desert is totally dry, this was...
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