The eastern wolf (Canis lycaon[5] or Canis lupus lycaon[6][7] or Canis rufus lycaon), also known as the timber wolf,[8]Algonquin wolf and eastern timber wolf,[9] is a canine of debated taxonomy native to the Great Lakes region and southeastern Canada. It is considered to be either a unique subspecies of gray wolf or red wolf or a separate species from both.[10] Many studies have found the eastern wolf to be the product of ancient and recent genetic admixture between the gray wolf and the coyote,[11][12] while other studies have found some or all populations of the eastern wolf, as well as coyotes, originally separated from a common ancestor with the wolf over 1 million years ago and that these populations of the eastern wolf may be the same species as or a closely related species to the red wolf (Canis lupus rufus or Canis rufus) of the Southeastern United States.[13][14][10] Regardless of its status, it is regarded as unique and therefore worthy of conservation[15] with Canada citing the population in eastern Canada (also known as the "Algonquin wolf") as being the eastern wolf population subject to protection.[16]
There are two forms, the larger being referred to as the Great Lakes wolf, which is generally found in Minnesota, Wisconsin, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, southeastern Manitoba and northern Ontario, and the smaller being the Algonquin wolf, which inhabits eastern Canada, specifically central and eastern Ontario and southwestern Quebec, with some overlapping and mixing of the two types in the southern portions of northeastern and northwestern Ontario.[17][18][19] The eastern wolf's morphology is midway between that of the gray wolf and the coyote.[10] The fur is typically of a grizzled grayish-brown color mixed with cinnamon. The nape, shoulder and tail region are a mix of black and gray, with the flanks and chest being rufous or creamy.[18] It primarily preys on white-tailed deer, but may occasionally hunt moose and beavers.[20]
In the third edition of Mammal Species of the World published in 2005, the mammalogist W. Christopher Wozencraft listed the eastern wolf as a gray wolf subspecies,[6] which supports its earlier classification based on morphology in three studies.[21][22][23] This taxonomic classification has since been debated, with proposals based on DNA analyses that includes a gray wolf ecotype,[24] a gray wolf with genetic introgression from the coyote,[17] a gray wolf/coyote hybrid,[25] a gray wolf/red wolf hybrid,[23] the same species as the red wolf,[13] or a separate species (Canis lycaon) closely related to the red wolf.[13] Commencing in 2016, two studies using whole genome sequencing indicate that North American gray wolves and wolf-like canids were the result of ancient and complex gray wolf and coyote mixing,[11][12] with the Great Lakes wolf possessing 25% coyote ancestry and the Algonquin wolf possessing 40% coyote ancestry.[12]
In the US, a bill is before Congress to remove protections under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 for the gray wolf populations located in the western Great Lakes region.[26] In Canada, the eastern wolf is listed as Canis lupus lycaon under the Species At Risk Act 2002, Schedule 1 - List of Wildlife at Risk.[16] In 2015, the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada recognized the eastern wolf in central and eastern Ontario and southwestern Quebec as Canis cf. lycaon (Canis species believed to be lycaon)[27] and a threatened species worthy of conservation.[28] The main threat to this wolf is human hunting and trapping outside of the protected areas, which leads to genetic introgression with the eastern coyote due to a lack of mates. Further human development immediately outside of the protected areas and the negative public perception of wolves are expected to inhibit any further expansion of their range.[28] In 2016, the Committee on the Status of Species at Risk in Ontario recognized the Algonquin wolf as a Canis sp. (Canis species) differentiated from the hybrid Great Lakes wolves which it found were the result of "hybridization and backcrossing among Eastern Wolf (Canis lycaon) (aka C. lupus lycaon), Gray Wolf (C. lupus), and Coyote (C. latrans)".[29]
^"NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
^Cite error: The named reference schreber1775 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference MDD was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abWozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^Cite error: The named reference COL2018e was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference mech1971 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference usfws1992 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abcCite error: The named reference beeland2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abCite error: The named reference vonholdt2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abcCite error: The named reference sinding2018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abcCite error: The named reference wilson2000 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference rutledge2012a was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference heppenheimer2018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ab"List of Wildlife Species at Risk" (PDF). Laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
^ abCite error: The named reference lehman1991 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abCite error: The named reference thiel2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"OWS". Wolvesontario.org. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
^Theberge, J. B. & M. T. Theberge (2004). The wolves of Algonquin Park, a 12 Year Ecological Study Archived 2018-06-12 at the Wayback Machine, Department of Geography, Publication Series Number 56, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario
^Cite error: The named reference goldman1937 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference goldman1944 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abCite error: The named reference nowak2002 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference koblmuller2009 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference vonholdt2011 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Johnson, Ron (January 17, 2017). "S.164 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): A bill to direct the Secretary of the Interior to reissue the final rules relating to the listing of the gray wolf in the Western Great Lakes and the State of Wyoming under the Endangered Species Act of 1973". Congress.gov.
^Cite error: The named reference COSEWIC2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abCite error: The named reference SRPR2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"Ontario Species at Risk Evaluation Report for Algonquin Wolf (Canis sp.)" (PDF). Cossaroagency.ca. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
The easternwolf (Canis lycaon or Canis lupus lycaon or Canis rufus lycaon), also known as the timber wolf, Algonquin wolf and eastern timber wolf, is...
The eastern coyote is a wild North American canine hybrid with both coyote and wolf parentage. The hybridization likely first occurred in the Great Lakes...
the red and eastern wolves were hybrid species, with the red wolf being 76% coyote and 20% gray wolf, and the easternwolf being 58% gray wolf and 42% coyote...
The gray wolf, the western coyote, and the red wolf / easternwolf. The easternwolf was represented by the Algonquin wolf. The Great Lakes wolf was found...
The wolf (Canis lupus; pl.: wolves), also known as the gray wolf or grey wolf, is a large canine native to Eurasia and North America. More than thirty...
(Canis familiaris) with a gray wolf (Canis lupus), easternwolf (Canis lycaon), red wolf (Canis rufus), or Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis) to produce a...
profiles of the eastern Canadian wolf and the red wolf provide evidence for a common evolutionary history independent of the gray wolf". Canadian Journal...
forested areas, especially: Easternwolf, also known as the eastern timber wolf Northern Rocky Mountain wolf, a timber wolf that inhabits the northern...
smaller than its close relative, the gray wolf, and slightly smaller than the closely related easternwolf and red wolf. It fills much of the same ecological...
Japanese wolf (Japanese: ニホンオオカミ(日本狼), Hepburn: Nihon ōkami, or 山犬, yamainu [see below]; Canis lupus hodophilax), also known as the Honshū wolf, is an extinct...
The Beringian wolf is an extinct population of wolf (Canis lupus) that lived during the Ice Age. It inhabited what is now modern-day Alaska, Yukon, and...
The Mexican wolf (Canis lupus baileyi), also known as the lobo, is a subspecies of gray wolf native to southeastern Arizona and southern New Mexico in...
The maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) is a large canine of South America. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, and Paraguay, and is almost...
carnassials and molars. The gray wolf (C. lupus), the Ethiopian wolf (C. simensis), easternwolf (C. lycaon), and the African golden wolf (C. lupaster) are four...
The evolution of the wolf occurred over a geologic time scale of at least 300 thousand years. The grey wolf Canis lupus is a highly adaptable species that...
The Pleistocene wolf, also referred to as the Late Pleistocene wolf, is an extinct lineage or ecomorph of the grey wolf (Canis lupus). It was a Late Pleistocene...
The Egyptian wolf (Canis lupaster lupaster) or the Egyptian jackal is a subspecies of African golden wolf native to northern, eastern and a part of western...
The African wolf (see below for other names; Canis lupaster) is a canine native to North Africa, West Africa, the Sahel, northern East Africa, and the...
The Eurasian wolf (Canis lupus lupus), also known as the common wolf, is a subspecies of grey wolf native to Europe and Asia. It was once widespread throughout...
The Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), also called the red jackal, the Simien jackal or Simien fox, is a canine native to the Ethiopian Highlands. In southeastern...
wolf-like canids, (genus Canis, Cuon and Lycaon) including the dog (Canis lupus familiaris), gray wolf (Canis lupus), red wolf (Canis rufus), eastern...
Canids vary in size from the 2-metre-long (6.6 ft)[citation needed] gray wolf to the 24-centimetre-long (9.4 in)[citation needed] fennec fox. The body...
Otters and The Wolf, two otters agreed to let a wolf settle their dispute in dividing their caught fish but it was taken away by the cunning wolf. In Japanese...
Coyote (C. latrans) African wolf (C. lupaster) Wolf (C. lupus) Easternwolf (C. lycaon) Red wolf (C. rufus) Ethiopian wolf (C. simensis) Cerdocyon Crab-eating...
culpaeus), also known as culpeo zorro, Andean zorro, Andean fox, Paramo wolf, Andean wolf, and colpeo fox, is a species of South American fox. Despite the name...
(Animax Asia dub) (English) Koga (鋼牙, Kōga) is a wolf demon who is the young leader of the EasternWolf Demon Tribe that was nearly wiped out by Kagura...
possibly the steppe regions of far eastern Romania, Hungary and other areas of Eastern Europe. Studies have shown this wolf to be a host for rabies. Due to...
Ages, the trade in furs was of great economic importance for northern and eastern European nations with large native populations of fur-bearing mustelids...