Early expansions of hominins out of Africa information
First hominin expansion into Eurasia (2.1–0.1 Ma)
This article is about spreading theory of early humans before about 200,000 years ago. For migrations of anatomically modern humans, see Recent African origin of modern humans.
Several expansions of populations of archaic humans (genus Homo) out of Africa and throughout Eurasia took place in the course of the Lower Paleolithic, and into the beginning Middle Paleolithic, between about 2.1 million and 0.2 million years ago (Ma).
These expansions are collectively known as Out of Africa I, in contrast to the expansion of Homo sapiens
(anatomically modern humans) into Eurasia, which may have begun shortly after 0.2 million years ago (known in this context as "Out of Africa II").[1]
The earliest presence of Homo (or indeed any hominin) outside of Africa dates to close to 2 million years ago.
A 2018 study claims human presence at Shangchen, central China, as early as 2.12 Ma based on
magnetostratigraphic dating of the lowest layer containing stone artefacts.[2]
The oldest known human skeletal remains outside of Africa are from Dmanisi, Georgia (Dmanisi skull 4), and are dated to 1.8 Ma. These remains are classified as Homo erectus georgicus.
Later waves of expansion are proposed around 1.4 Ma (early Acheulean industries), associated with Homo antecessor and 0.8 Ma (cleaver-producing Acheulean groups), associated with Homo heidelbergensis.[3]
Until the early 1980s, early humans were thought to have been restricted to the African continent in the Early Pleistocene, or until about 0.8 Ma; Hominin migrations outside East Africa were apparently rare in the Early Pleistocene, leaving a fragmentary record of events.[4][5]
^The term "Out of Africa I" is informal and somewhat rare.
The phrase Out of Africa used on its own generally refers to "Out of Africa II", the expansion of anatomically modern humans into Eurasia.
"Out of Africa I" is used in 2004, in Marco Langbroek, 'Out of Africa': an investigation into the earliest occupation of the Old World, p. 61,
and as the title of a collection of essays, J. G. Fleagle et al. (eds.), Out of Africa I: The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia (2010).
see also: Herschkovitz, Israel; et al. (26 January 2018). "The earliest modern humans outside Africa". Science. 359 (6374): 456–459. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..456H. doi:10.1126/science.aap8369. hdl:10072/372670. PMID 29371468.;
Hurtley, Stella; Szuromi, Phil (2005). "Out of Africa Revisited". Science. 308 (5724): 922. doi:10.1126/science.308.5724.921g. S2CID 220100436.
^Zhu Zhaoyu (朱照宇); Dennell, Robin; Huang Weiwen (黄慰文); Wu Yi (吴翼); Qiu Shifan (邱世藩); Yang Shixia (杨石霞); Rao Zhiguo (饶志国); Hou Yamei (侯亚梅); Xie Jiubing (谢久兵); Han Jiangwei (韩江伟); Ouyang Tingping (欧阳婷萍) (2018). "Hominin occupation of the Chinese Loess Plateau since about 2.1 million years ago". Nature. 559 (7715): 608–612. Bibcode:2018Natur.559..608Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0299-4. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 29995848. S2CID 49670311.
"Eight major magnetozones are recorded in the Shangchen section, four of which have normal polarity (N1 to N4) and four of
which have reversed polarity (R1 to R4). By comparison with the geomagnetic polarity timescale [...] magnetozone N4 corresponds to the Réunion excursion (2.13–2.15 Ma) in L28."
^Bar-Yosef, O.; Belfer-Cohen, A. (2001). "From Africa to Eurasia – early dispersals". Quaternary International. 75 (1): 19–28. Bibcode:2001QuInt..75...19B. doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(00)00074-4.
^Lahr, M. M. (2010). "Saharan Corridors and Their Role in the Evolutionary Geography of 'Out of Africa I'". In Baden, A.; et al. (eds.). Out of Africa I: The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia. Springer Netherlands. pp. 27–46. ISBN 978-90-481-9035-5.
^Straus, L. G.; Bar-Yosef, O. (2001). "Out of Africa in the Pleistocene: an introduction". Quaternary International. 75 (1): 2–4. Bibcode:2001QuInt..75....1S. doi:10.1016/s1040-6182(00)00071-9.
and 28 Related for: Early expansions of hominins out of Africa information
Several expansionsof populations of archaic humans (genus Homo) outofAfrica and throughout Eurasia took place in the course of the Lower Paleolithic...
Robin (2005). "Getting "OutofAfrica": Sea Crossings, Land Crossings and Culture in the Hominin Migrations" (PDF). Journal of World Prehistory. 19 (2):...
believed to have begun approximately 2 million years ago with the earlyexpansionsoutofAfrica by Homo erectus. This initial migration was followed by other...
development of traits such as human bipedalism, dexterity, and complex language, as well as interbreeding with other hominins (a tribe of the African hominid...
the first hominin fossil discovered in Africa, the Taung Child (found near Taung) in 1924. Other hominin remains have come from the sites of Makapansgat...
(1825) was an early advocate of classifying taxa by designating tribes and families. Wood and Richmond (2000) proposed that Hominini ("hominins") be designated...
31833°E / 32.68833; 35.31833 The Skhul and Qafzeh hominins or Qafzeh–Skhul early modern humans are hominin fossils discovered in Es-Skhul and Qafzeh caves...
Dmanisi homininsEarly European modern humans Happisburgh footprints Homo heidelbergensis Neanderthal EarlyexpansionsofhomininsoutofAfrica Paleolithic...
years ago when the first evidence for stone tool production and use by hominins appears in the current archaeological record, until around 300,000 years...
earlyhominins which ate a mix of C3 and abundant C4 savanna plants, but is similar to modern savanna chimpanzees. No other hominin bears evidence of...
ago) Skhul and Qafzeh hominins. Dispersal ofearly H. sapiens begins soon after its emergence, as evidenced by the North African Jebel Irhoud finds (dated...
modifications within a single lineage ofhominin evolution. As the perceived transitional form between earlyhominins and modern humans, H. erectus, originally...
H. georgicus represents an earlier, more primitive species of Homo derived from an older dispersal ofhominins from Africa, with H. ergaster/erectus possibly...
East Africa, also known as Eastern Africa or the East ofAfrica, is a region at the eastern edge of the African continent, distinguished by its geographical...
Africa has the longest record of human habitation in the world. The first hominins emerged 6-7 million years ago, and among the earliest anatomically modern...
evidence for the evolution ofearlyhominins. The earliest tools in the world can be found there as well: An unidentified hominin, possibly Australopithecus...
Australopithecus and early Paranthropus may have been bipedal. Very earlyhominins such as Ardipithecus ramidus may have possessed an arboreal type of bipedalism...
uninhabited by humans or hominins and can only be reached from either Mindanao or the Sangihe Islands by crossing an expanse of water at least 100 km (62 mi)...
East Africa Protectorate (later Kenya) in 1895. In the early 1880s, European powers rushed to acquire territories within areas of interest in Africa, which...
first known hominids evolved in Africa. According to paleontology, the early hominids' skull anatomy was similar to that of the gorilla and the chimpanzee...
alternative explanation to the more widely accepted "OutofAfrica" model of monogenesis for the pattern of human evolution. Multiregional evolution holds that...
and Material Culture Support Repeated Expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a Population Hub OutofAfrica". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 21 February...
Neanderthals and Denisovans, as well as several unidentified hominins. In Europe, Asia and North Africa, interbreeding between Neanderthals and Denisovans with...