Olduvai Gorge, where some of the earliest hominins are believed to have evolved.
Africa has the longest record of human habitation in the world. The first hominins emerged 6-7 million years ago, and among the earliest anatomically modern human skulls found so far were discovered at Omo Kibish,[1]Jebel Irhoud, and Florisbad.[2][3][4][5]
European archaeology, as well as that of North Africa, is generally divided into the Stone Age (comprising the Lower Paleolithic, the Middle Paleolithic, the Upper Paleolithic, the Mesolithic, and the Neolithic), the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age. For Africa south of the Sahara, African archaeology is classified in a slightly different way, with the Paleolithic generally divided into the Early Stone Age, the Middle Stone Age, and the Later Stone Age.[6][page needed] After these three stages come the Pastoral Neolithic, the Iron Age and then later historical periods.
Africa's prehistory has been largely ignored, with the exception of research into early human evolution.[1] However, it is overseen by the PanAfrican Archaeological Association, whose members consist of professional archaeologists from all over Africa.[7]
^ abBarham & Mitchell 2008, p. 1.
^Stringer, C. (2016). "The origin and evolution of Homo sapiens". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 371 (1698): 20150237. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0237. PMC 4920294. PMID 27298468.
^Sample, Ian (7 June 2017). "Oldest Homo sapiens bones ever found shake foundations of the human story". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
^Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Ben-Ncer, Abdelouahed; Bailey, Shara E.; Freidline, Sarah E.; Neubauer, Simon; Skinner, Matthew M.; Bergmann, Inga; Le Cabec, Adeline; Benazzi, Stefano; Harvati, Katerina; Gunz, Philipp (2017). "New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens" (PDF). Nature. 546 (7657): 289–292. Bibcode:2017Natur.546..289H. doi:10.1038/nature22336. PMID 28593953. S2CID 256771372.
^Scerri, Eleanor M.L.; Thomas, Mark G.; Manica, Andrea; Gunz, Philipp; Stock, Jay T.; Stringer, Chris; Grove, Matt; Groucutt, Huw S.; Timmermann, Axel; Rightmire, G. Philip; d'Errico, Francesco; Tryon, Christian A.; Drake, Nick A.; Brooks, Alison S.; Dennell, Robin W.; Durbin, Richard; Henn, Brenna M.; Lee-Thorp, Julia; deMenocal, Peter; Petraglia, Michael D.; Thompson, Jessica C.; Scally, Aylwyn; Chikhi, Lounès (August 2018). "Did Our Species Evolve in Subdivided Populations across Africa, and Why Does It Matter?". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 33 (8): 582–594. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2018.05.005. PMC 6092560. PMID 30007846.
ISBN 978-0-521-61265-4. AfricanArchaeology – AfricanArchaeology : a web directory on Africa. Journal of AfricanArchaeologyAfricanArchaeological Review –Excavations...
Africa 3.3 million years ago up until recent decades. Archaeology is distinct from palaeontology, which is the study of fossil remains. Archaeology is...
Interdisciplinary African Studies and the Department of AfricanArchaeology and Archaeobotany of Goethe University Frankfurt published it in association with Africa Magna...
African Sculpture in Archaeological Context: p. 21. Fagg, Bernard. 1969. Recent work in west Africa: New light on the Nok culture. World Archaeology 1(1):...
African diaspora archaeology is the study of the archaeology of the African diaspora; Africans that were forcibly transported throughout the world by either...
D. 2004. Review Essay: "What Do We Know About African Iron Working?" Journal of AfricanArchaeology. Vol 2 (1) pp. 135–152 doi:10.3213/1612-1651-10021...
Central Africa is generally considered to encompass ten countries (Cameroon, south-Chad, Central African Republic (CAR), Equatorial Guinea, Republic of...
"Korounkorokalé Revisited: The Pays Mande and the West African Microlithic Technocomplex". The AfricanArchaeological Review. 14 (3): 161–200. doi:10.1007/BF02968406...
communities in northern Zimbabwe AD 500–1700. Studies in AfricanArchaeology, No.13, Department of Archaeology, Uppsala University, Uppsala:. Ndoro, W., and Pwiti...
Maritime archaeology in East Africa spans the range from the horn of Somalia south to Mozambique, and includes the various islands and island chains dotting...
The South AfricanArchaeological Society was founded in 1945 to promote public awareness of archaeology and its findings in southern Africa, facilitating...
in Africa encompasses the study of copper production across the continent and an understanding of how it influenced aspects of Africanarchaeology. Scholars...
Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context: p. 21. Breunig, P. (2014). Nok. African Sculpture in Archaeological Context. Frankfurt: Africa Magna...
(2008). The First Africans: AfricanArchaeology from the Earliest Toolmakers to Most Recent Foragers. Cambridge World Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University...
Handbook of AfricanArchaeology. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-162615-9. Klees, Frank; Kuper, Rudolph (1992-01-01). New light on the Northeast African past : current...
Computational archaeology Ethnoarchaeology Taphonomy Africanarchaeology Australian archaeology European archaeology Russian archaeologyArchaeology of the Americas...
current archaeological record, until around 300,000 years ago, spanning the Oldowan ("mode 1") and Acheulean ("mode 2") lithics industries. In African archaeology...
The African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter is a quarterly scholarly newsletter that covers the subject of the African diaspora as well as related archaeological...
The PanAfricanArchaeological Association (PAA) is a pan-African professional organisation for archaeologists, geologists and palaeoanthropologists. The...
The AfricanArchaeological Review is a peer-reviewed journal focusing on current Africanarchaeology. Contents included in the journal range from the evolution...
humans, some authors like Alison S. Brooks, primarily working in Africanarchaeology, point to the gradual accumulation of "modern" behaviors, starting...
European archaeology Russian archaeologyArchaeology of the Americas Archaeology of China Archaeology of Israel African history South African history Egyptian...
Agricultural Terracing in Bokoni, South Africa: Typology and an Exploratory Excavation". Journal of AfricanArchaeology. 14 (1): 33–53. doi:10.3213/2191-5784-10281...
might include: Africanarchaeology, Archaeology of the Americas, Australian archaeology, European archaeology: focuses on archaeologic study concerning...
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