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Middle Triassic
247.2 – ~237 Ma
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Pg
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Middle Triassic aged Muschelkalk (Schaumkalk) in Baden-Württemberg, Germany
Chronology
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Pz
Mesozoic
P
Triassic
J
Lopingian
Ear
Middle
Late
Early J
Olenekian
Induan
Anisian
Ladinian
Carnian
Norian
Rhaetian
←
Permian-Triassic extinction event
←
Smithian–Spathian boundary event[1]
←
Carnian pluvial episode
←
Full recovery of woody trees[2]
←
Coals return[3]
←
Scleractinian corals & calcified sponges[4]
←
Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
←
Manicouagan impact
Subdivision of the Triassic according to the ICS, as of 2021.[5] Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.
Etymology
Name formality
Formal
Usage information
Celestial body
Earth
Regional usage
Global (ICS)
Time scale(s) used
ICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unit
Epoch
Stratigraphic unit
Series
Time span formality
Formal
Lower boundary definition
Not formally defined
Lower boundary definition candidates
FAD of the Conodont Chiosella timorensis
Base of magnetic zone MT1n
Lower boundary GSSP candidate section(s)
Desli Caira, Northern Dobruja, Romania
Guandao, Guizhou, China
Upper boundary definition
FAD of the Ammonite Daxatina canadensis
Upper boundary GSSP
Prati di Stuores, Dolomites, Italy 46°31′37″N11°55′49″E / 46.5269°N 11.9303°E / 46.5269; 11.9303
Upper GSSP ratified
2008[6]
In the geologic timescale, the Middle Triassic is the second of three epochs of the Triassic period or the middle of three series in which the Triassic system is divided in chronostratigraphy. The Middle Triassic spans the time between 247.2 Ma and 237 Ma (million years ago). It is preceded by the Early Triassic Epoch and followed by the Late Triassic Epoch. The Middle Triassic is divided into the Anisian and Ladinian ages or stages.[citation needed]
Formerly the middle series in the Triassic was also known as Muschelkalk. This name is now only used for a specific unit of rock strata with approximately Middle Triassic age, found in western Europe.[citation needed]
^Widmann, Philipp; Bucher, Hugo; Leu, Marc; et al. (2020). "Dynamics of the Largest Carbon Isotope Excursion During the Early Triassic Biotic Recovery". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8 (196): 196. Bibcode:2020FrEaS...8..196W. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00196.
^McElwain, J. C.; Punyasena, S. W. (2007). "Mass extinction events and the plant fossil record". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 22 (10): 548–557. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.003. PMID 17919771.
^
Retallack, G. J.; Veevers, J.; Morante, R. (1996). "Global coal gap between Permian–Triassic extinctions and middle Triassic recovery of peat forming plants". GSA Bulletin. 108 (2): 195–207. Bibcode:1996GSAB..108..195R. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0195:GCGBPT>2.3.CO;2. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
^Payne, J. L.; Lehrmann, D. J.; Wei, J.; Orchard, M. J.; Schrag, D. P.; Knoll, A. H. (2004). "Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle During Recovery from the End-Permian Extinction". Science. 305 (5683): 506–9. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..506P. doi:10.1126/science.1097023. PMID 15273391. S2CID 35498132.
^Ogg, James G.; Ogg, Gabi M.; Gradstein, Felix M. (2016). "Triassic". A Concise Geologic Time Scale: 2016. Elsevier. pp. 133–149. ISBN 978-0-444-63771-0.
^Mietto, Paolo; Manfrin, Stefano; Preto, Nereo; Rigo, Manuel; Roghi, Guido; Furin, Stefano; Gianolla, Piero; Posenato, Renato; Muttoni, Giovanni; Nicora, Alda; Buratti, Nicoletta; Cirilli, Simonetta; Spötl, Christoph; Ramezani, Jahandar; Bowring, Samuel (September 2012). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Carnian Stage (Late Triassic) at Prati Di Stuores/Stuores Wiesen Section (Southern Alps, NE Italy)" (PDF). Episodes. 35 (3): 414–430. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2012/v35i3/003. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
timescale, the MiddleTriassic is the second of three epochs of the Triassic period or the middle of three series in which the Triassic system is divided...
extinction events. The Triassic Period is subdivided into three epochs: Early Triassic, MiddleTriassic and Late Triassic. The Triassic began in the wake of...
Epoch (late Permian, Paleozoic Era) and followed by the MiddleTriassic Epoch. The Early Triassic is divided into the Induan and Olenekian ages. The Induan...
report of ostracods (Crustacea) associated with Bithynian (Anisian, MiddleTriassic) Tubiphytes-microbial reef in the North Dobrogean Orogen (Romania)"...
preceded by the MiddleTriassic Epoch and followed by the Early Jurassic Epoch. The corresponding series of rock beds is known as the Upper Triassic. The Late...
Jurassic Period. It has three major epochs: Early Triassic, MiddleTriassic, and Late Triassic. The Early Triassic lasted between 252 million to 247 million years...
aftermath of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, providing evidence of an increase in endemicity beginning in the MiddleTriassic, is published by Echevarría...
Myobradypterygius to be a distinct genus. A study on tooth wear patterns in Middle and Late Triassic placodonts from Europe, interpreted as suggestive of different...
middle of the three eras since complex life evolved: the Paleozoic, the Mesozoic, and the Cenozoic. The era began in the wake of the Permian–Triassic...
; Morante, R. (1996). "Global coal gap between Permian–Triassic extinctions and middleTriassic recovery of peat forming plants". GSA Bulletin. 108 (2):...
the most extensive MiddleTriassic tetrapod tracksite in North America reported to date. Simms & Drost (2024) interpret Triassic caves within Carboniferous...
fossil content, one of the best known records of marine life in the MiddleTriassic period. The Italian region west of Poncione d'Arzo (Porto Ceresio)...
archosauriform carnivores that lived from the later Early Triassic (Olenekian) to the early MiddleTriassic (Anisian). The family Erythrosuchidae was named by...
Permian-Triassic extinction event. Peak disparity in cynodonts occurred from the Induan to the Carnian and in the middle Norian. Post-Early Triassic cynodonts...
during the MiddleTriassic. The therapsids include the cynodonts, the group that gave rise to mammals (Mammaliaformes) in the Late Triassic, around 225...
Permian-Triassic mass extinction (~252 Ma), becoming the largest and most ecologically dominant terrestrial vertebrates from the MiddleTriassic period...
often for both true Ichthyosauria and their more primitive early and middleTriassic ancestors. Basal ichthyopterygians (prior to and ancestral to true...
is an extinct genus of archosauromorph reptile which lived during the Triassic Period in Europe, Asia, and North America. It is recognisable by its extremely...
armour") is an extinct genus of basal avemetatarsalian from the Middle/Upper Triassic Makay Formation (Isalo II beds) of Madagascar. The genus contains...
nothosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the MiddleTriassic of SW China and its implications for the Triassic biotic recovery". Scientific Reports. 4: 7142...
ctenosauriscid archosaur from the MiddleTriassic (243 million years ago). Arizonasaurus is found in the MiddleTriassic Moenkopi Formation of northern Arizona...
oldest representatives, that lived during the Anisian stage of the MiddleTriassic in what are now North America and Europe. The first known fossils of...
breccia, brown sandstones, argillites, shales, and siltstones. The MiddleTriassic (Muschelkalk) can attain a thickness of 400 m and shows silty shales...
fourth and final series of the Cambrian, to the Rhaetian stage of the Late Triassic. These elements can be used alternatively to or in correlation with other...
eutheriodont therapsids (mammals and their close relatives) from the Permian and Triassic periods. The therocephalians ("beast-heads") are named after their large...
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