Reduction in size is regarded as a domestication syndrome trait - grey wolf skull compared with a chihuahua skull
Domestication syndrome refers to two sets of phenotypic traits that are common to either domesticated plants [1][2] or domesticated animals.[3]
Domesticated animals tend to be smaller and less aggressive than their wild counterparts, they may also have floppy ears, variations to coat color, a smaller brain, and a shorter muzzle. Other traits may include changes in the endocrine system and an extended breeding cycle.[3][4][5] These animal traits have been claimed to emerge across the different species in response to selection for tameness, which was purportedly demonstrated in a famous Russian fox breeding experiment,[6][7][8] though this claim has been disputed.[9][10]
Other research[3] suggested that pleiotropic change in neural crest cell regulating genes was the common cause of shared traits seen in many domesticated animal species. However, several recent publications have either questioned this neural crest cell explanation[4][11][10] or cast doubt on the existence of domestication syndrome itself.[9] One recent publication[10] points out that shared selective regime changes following transition from wild to domestic environments are a more likely cause of any convergent traits. In addition, the sheer number, diversity, and phenotypic importance of neural crest cell-derived vertebrate features means that changes in genes associated with them are almost inevitable in response to any significant selective change.[10]
The process of plant domestication has produced changes in shattering/fruit abscission, shorter height, larger grain or fruit size, easier threshing, synchronous flowering, and increased yield, as well as changes in color, taste, and texture.[12]
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^ abcWilkins, Adam S; Wrangham, Richard W; Fitch, W Tecumseh (2014-07-01). "The "Domestication Syndrome" in Mammals: A Unified Explanation Based on Neural Crest Cell Behavior and Genetics". Genetics. 197 (3): 795–808. doi:10.1534/genetics.114.165423. ISSN 1943-2631. PMC 4096361. PMID 25024034.
^ abWright, Dominic; Henriksen, Rie; Johnsson, Martin (2020). "Defining the Domestication Syndrome: Comment on Lord et al. 2020". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 35 (12): 1059–1060. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2020.08.009. PMID 32917395. S2CID 221636622.
^Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference :7 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference :8 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference :9 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abLord, Kathryn A.; Larson, Greger; Coppinger, Raymond P.; Karlsson, Elinor K. (February 2020). "The History of Farm Foxes Undermines the Animal Domestication Syndrome". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 35 (2): 125–136. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2019.10.011. PMID 31810775.
^ abcdGleeson, Ben Thomas; Wilson, Laura A. B. (2023-03-29). "Shared reproductive disruption, not neural crest or tameness, explains the domestication syndrome". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 290 (1995). doi:10.1098/rspb.2022.2464. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 10031412. PMID 36946116.
^Johnsson, Martin; Henriksen, Rie; Wright, Dominic (2021-08-26). Peichel, C L (ed.). "The neural crest cell hypothesis: no unified explanation for domestication". Genetics. 219 (1). doi:10.1093/genetics/iyab097. ISSN 1943-2631. PMC 8633120. PMID 34849908.
^Kantar, Michael B.; Tyl, Catrin E.; Dorn, Kevin M.; Zhang, Xiaofei; Jungers, Jacob M.; Kaser, Joe M.; Schendel, Rachel R.; Eckberg, James O.; Runck, Bryan C.; Bunzel, Mirko; Jordan, Nick R.; Stupar, Robert M.; Marks, M. David; Anderson, James A.; Johnson, Gregg A.; Sheaffer, Craig C.; Schoenfuss, Tonya C.; Ismail, Baraem; Heimpel, George E.; Wyse, Donald L. (2016-04-29). "Perennial Grain and Oilseed Crops". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 67 (1). Annual Reviews: 703–29. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112311. ISSN 1543-5008. PMID 26789233.: 708
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