Differential fitness is the third of Darwin's four postulates for natural selection. It states that survival and reproduction rates vary between individuals. Fitness differentials are widespread and detectable throughout nature. This fitness differential is visible in several ways, and it can be detected throughout nature. It can be based on behavioral differences that can act with or against environmental changes; one notable example was a 2014 study of snowshoe hares, where researchers found that white snowshoe hares did not change their behavior due to increased snow melt.[1] Subsequent research found that brown hares survived and bred more than the white snowshoe hares.[2] Differential fitness can also be applied between species. Researchers found that the Neotoma macrotis wood rat in the California woodlands was responding to climate change by moving into a hybrid zone, and this gave it an advantage over the competing Neotoma fuscipes[3] Differential fitness can also apply to multiple traits at once and at unequal levels. A study with Linum pubescens found that its floral traits were based on multiple different fitness factors.[4] Differential fitness can also be based on the sex of organisms. Researchers found that there were differential survival rates between mothers and fathers in the mid-nineteenth century in Utah.[5]
^Zimova M., Mills L.S., Lukacs P.M., and Mitchell M.S. (2014). Snowshoe hares display limited phenotypic plasticity to mismatch in seasonal camouflage. Proc of the Royal Society 281, (1782).https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0029
^Nowak, Zimova M., Mills L.S., and Joshua J. (2016). High fitness costs of climate change-induced camouflage mismatch. Ecology Letters 19 (3), 299-307.https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12568
^Hunter E.A., Matocq M.D., Murphy P.J., and Shoemaker K.T. (2017). Differential Effects of Climate on Survival Rates Drive Hybrid Zone Movement. Current Biology 27, 3898–3903.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.029
^Bigio L, Lebel M., and Sapir Y., (2017). Do different measures of maternal fitness affect estimation of natural selection on floral traits? A lesson from Linum pubescens (Linaceae), Journal of Plant Ecology 10 (2), 406–413.https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtw035
^Penn D.J. and Smith K. R., (2007). Differential fitness costs of reproduction between the sexes. PNAS 104 (2), 553-558.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0609301103
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Differentialfitness is the third of Darwin's four postulates for natural selection. It states that survival and reproduction rates vary between individuals...
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species-level recognition under the Unified Species Concept, the DifferentialFitness Species Concept, and the Biological Species Concept. It was identified...
species-level recognition under the Unified Species Concept, the DifferentialFitness Species Concept, and the Biological Species Concept. It was identified...
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exponentially, exhibits high-fidelity replication, evolves through differentialfitness, is expressed through artificial intelligence (AI), and has facility...
reproduction (crossover), replication and/or mutation according to a predefined fitness measure, usually proficiency at the desired task. The crossover operation...
result, the population will gradually evolve to increase in fitness, in this case the chosen fitness function of the algorithm. Evolutionary computation techniques...
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evolution strategies is deterministic and only based on the fitness rankings, not on the actual fitness values. The resulting algorithm is therefore invariant...
factor. In fact, this computational complexity is due to fitness function evaluation. Fitness approximation is one of the solutions to overcome this difficulty...
unchanged and uses only the improved fitness. This pseudo code leaves open which steps are based on the fitness of the individuals and which are not....
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developed by NASA to create a treadmill that unweights a user through "differential air pressure". The Nike Oregon Project, runner and coach Alberto Salazar...
Lack (1954) suggested differential food availability and management across latitudes play a role in offspring and parental fitness. Lack also highlighted...
Omega constant, a solution of Lambert's W function In differential geometry, the space of differential forms on a manifold (of a certain degree, usually with...
evolutionary computation) the fitness (or performance or objective measure) of a schema is rescaled to give its effective fitness which takes into account...
supposed deleterious effects of modern warfare on group-level genetic fitness because of its tendency to kill physically healthy men while preserving...
cycling, swimming, boxing) is recommended in order to maintain aerobic fitness. Individuals should return to activity gradually, beginning with a short...
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