See also: Samadhi, Samatha, Vipassanā, and Dhyana in Hinduism
Dhyāna
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese
禪
Simplified Chinese
禅
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Chán
Wade–Giles
Ch’an
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping
sim4
Tibetan name
Tibetan
བསམ་གཏན
Transcriptions
Wylie
bsam gtan
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabet
Thiền
Hán-Nôm
禪
Korean name
Hangul
선
Hanja
禪
Transcriptions
Revised Romanization
Seon
McCune–Reischauer
Sŏn
Japanese name
Kanji
禅定 or 静慮
Transcriptions
Romanization
Zenjyō or Jyōryo
Filipino name
Tagalog
Dhyana
Sanskrit name
Sanskrit
ध्यान (in Devanagari) Dhyāna (Romanised)
Pāli name
Pāli
𑀛𑀸𑀦 (in Brāhmī) ඣාන (in Sinhala) ឈាន/ធ្យាន (in Khmer) ဈာန် (in Burmese) ၛာန် (in Mon) Jhāna (Romanised) ฌาน (in Thai)
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Buddha depicted in dhyāna, Amaravati, India
In the oldest texts of Buddhism, dhyāna (Sanskrit: ध्यान) or jhāna (Pali: 𑀛𑀸𑀦) is a component of the training of the mind (bhavana), commonly translated as meditation, to withdraw the mind from the automatic responses to sense-impressions, "burn up" the defilements, and leading to a "state of perfect equanimity and awareness (upekkhā-sati-parisuddhi)."[1]Dhyāna may have been the core practice of pre-sectarian Buddhism, in combination with several related practices which together lead to perfected mindfulness and detachment.[2][3][4]
In the later commentarial tradition, which has survived in present-day Theravāda, dhyāna is equated with "concentration", a state of one-pointed absorption in which there is a diminished awareness of the surroundings. In the contemporary Theravāda-based Vipassana movement, this absorbed state of mind is regarded as unnecessary and even non-beneficial for the first stage of awakening, which has to be reached by mindfulness of the body and Vipassanā (insight into impermanence). Since the 1980s, scholars and practitioners have started to question these positions, arguing for a more comprehensive and integrated understanding and approach, based on the oldest descriptions of dhyāna in the suttas.[5][6][7][8]
In Buddhist traditions of Chán and Zen (the names of which are, respectively, the Chinese and Japanese pronunciations of dhyāna), as in Theravada and Tiantai, anapanasati (mindfulness of breathing), which is transmitted in the Buddhist tradition as a means to develop dhyana, is a central practice. In the Chan/Zen-tradition this practice is ultimately based on Sarvastivāda meditation techniques transmitted since the beginning of the Common Era.
^Vetter 1988, p. 5.
^Vetter 1988.
^Bronkhorst 1993.
^Gethin 1992.
^Rose 2016, p. 60.
^Shankman 2008.
^Polak 2011.
^Arbel 2017.
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In the oldest texts of Buddhism, dhyāna (Sanskrit: ध्यान) or jhāna (Pali: 𑀛𑀸𑀦) is a component of the training of the mind (bhavana), commonly translated...
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