In cellular biology, dependence receptors are proteins that mediate programmed cell death by monitoring the absence of certain trophic factors (or, equivalently, the presence of anti-trophic factors) that otherwise serve as ligands (interactors) for the dependence receptors.[1]
A trophic ligand is a molecule whose protein binding stimulates cell growth, differentiation, and/or survival.[2]
Cells depend for their survival on stimulation that is mediated by various receptors and sensors, and integrated via signaling within the cell and between cells.
The withdrawal of such trophic support leads to a form of cellular suicide.
Various dependence receptors are involved in a range of biological events: developmental cell death (naturally occurring cell death), trophic factor withdrawal-induced cell death, the spontaneous regression characteristic of type IV-S neuroblastoma, neurodegenerative cell death, inhibition of new tumor cells (tumorigenesis) and metastasis, and therapeutic antibody-mediated tumor cell death, as well as programmed cell death in other instances.
Since these receptors may support either cell death or cell survival, they initiate a new type of tumor suppressor, a conditional tumor suppressor.[3]
In addition, events such as cellular atrophy and process retraction may also be mediated by dependence receptors, although this has not been as well documented as the induction of programmed cell death.
^Bredesen DE, Mehlen P, Rabizadeh S (April 2004). "Apoptosis and Dependence Receptors: A Molecular Basis for Cellular Addiction". Physiological Reviews. 84 (2): 411–430. doi:10.1152/physrev.00027.2003. PMID 15044679.
^Mehlen, Patrick (December 2010). "Dependence Receptors: The Trophic Theory Revisited". Science Signaling. 3 (151): pe47. doi:10.1126/scisignal.3151pe47. PMID 21139137. S2CID 206673626.
In cellular biology, dependencereceptors are proteins that mediate programmed cell death by monitoring the absence of certain trophic factors (or, equivalently...
known as an axon guidance receptor that responds to netrin-1. More recently DCC has been characterized as a dependencereceptor, and many hypotheses have...
factors for developing dependence. For instance, genetic markers for a specific type of nicotinic receptor (the α5-α3-β4 nicotine receptors) have been linked...
Moderate physical dependence often arises from prolonged long-term caffeine use. In the human body, caffeine blocks adenosine receptors A1 and A2A. Adenosine...
upregulation of NMDA receptors, which is supported by the attenuation of withdraw by NMDA receptor antagonists. Physical dependence on opioids has been...
Benzodiazepine dependence (BZD dependence) defines a situation in which one has developed one or more of either tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, drug seeking...
acetylcholine receptors, or nAChRs, are receptor polypeptides that respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Nicotinic receptors also respond to...
are used to treat opiate dependence for this reason, as they produce milder effects on the opioid receptor with lower dependence and abuse potential. An...
been associated with opiate dependence. There have been mixed results for the MCR2 gene, encoding melanocortin receptor type 2, implicating both protection...
of the μ1 receptor; respiratory depression and physical dependence by the μ2 receptor; and sedation and spinal analgesia by the κ receptor[citation needed]...
opioid receptor signaling by endorphins. Blockade of MORs is thought to be the mechanism of action of naltrexone in the management of opioid dependence—it...
opioid antagonist, or opioid receptor antagonist, is a receptor antagonist that acts on one or more of the opioid receptors. Naloxone and naltrexone are...
Opioid receptors are a group of inhibitory G protein-coupled receptors with opioids as ligands. The endogenous opioids are dynorphins, enkephalins, endorphins...
PMID 20018966. Mehlen P, Fearon ER (August 2004). "Role of the dependencereceptor DCC in colorectal cancer pathogenesis". Journal of Clinical Oncology...
Licata SC, Rowlett JK (July 2008). "Abuse and dependence liability of benzodiazepine-type drugs: GABA(A) receptor modulation and beyond". Pharmacology Biochemistry...
alcohol despite it causing problems. Some definitions require evidence of dependence and withdrawal. Problematic use of alcohol has been mentioned in the earliest...
cannabinoid receptor function. One study has shown that between 2001–2002 and 2012–2013, the use of marijuana in the US doubled. Cannabis dependence develops...
Alcohol dependence is a previous (DSM-IV and ICD-10) psychiatric diagnosis in which an individual is physically or psychologically dependent upon alcohol...
and neutral antagonists at mu opioid receptor (MOR): possible role of basal receptor signaling in narcotic dependence". Journal of Neurochemistry. 77 (3):...
GABAA receptor, one of barbiturates' main sites of action, is thought to play a pivotal role in the development of tolerance to and dependence on barbiturates...
sedation, euphoria, physical dependence, and respiratory depression. Morphine is also a κ-opioid receptor (KOR) and δ-opioid receptor (DOR) agonist. Activation...
GABAA receptor agonist of the imidazopyridine class. It works by increasing GABA effects in the central nervous system by binding to GABAA receptors at the...
Buprenorphine affects different types of opioid receptors in different ways. Depending on the type of opioid receptor, it may be an agonist, partial agonist,...
Global Information