Network of filamentous proteins that forms the internal framework of cells
Cell biology
Animal cell diagram
Components of a typical animal cell:
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Ribosome (dots as part of 5)
Vesicle
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus (or, Golgi body)
Cytoskeleton
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondrion
Vacuole
Cytosol (fluid that contains organelles; with which, comprises cytoplasm)
Lysosome
Centrosome
Cell membrane
The cytoskeleton consists of (a) microtubules, (b) microfilaments, and (c) intermediate filaments.[1]
The cytoskeleton is a complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and archaea.[2] In eukaryotes, it extends from the cell nucleus to the cell membrane and is composed of similar proteins in the various organisms. It is composed of three main components: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules, and these are all capable of rapid growth or disassembly depending on the cell's requirements.[3]
A multitude of functions can be performed by the cytoskeleton. Its primary function is to give the cell its shape and mechanical resistance to deformation, and through association with extracellular connective tissue and other cells it stabilizes entire tissues.[4][5] The cytoskeleton can also contract, thereby deforming the cell and the cell's environment and allowing cells to migrate.[6] Moreover, it is involved in many cell signaling pathways and in the uptake of extracellular material (endocytosis),[7] the segregation of chromosomes during cellular division,[4] the cytokinesis stage of cell division,[8] as scaffolding to organize the contents of the cell in space[6] and in intracellular transport (for example, the movement of vesicles and organelles within the cell)[4] and can be a template for the construction of a cell wall.[4] Furthermore, it can form specialized structures, such as flagella, cilia, lamellipodia and podosomes. The structure, function and dynamic behavior of the cytoskeleton can be very different, depending on organism and cell type.[4][9][8] Even within one cell, the cytoskeleton can change through association with other proteins and the previous history of the network.[6]
A large-scale example of an action performed by the cytoskeleton is muscle contraction. This is carried out by groups of highly specialized cells working together. A main component in the cytoskeleton that helps show the true function of this muscle contraction is the microfilament. Microfilaments are composed of the most abundant cellular protein known as actin.[10] During contraction of a muscle, within each muscle cell, myosin molecular motors collectively exert forces on parallel actin filaments. Muscle contraction starts from nerve impulses which then causes increased amounts of calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Increases in calcium in the cytosol allows muscle contraction to begin with the help of two proteins, tropomyosin and troponin.[10] Tropomyosin inhibits the interaction between actin and myosin, while troponin senses the increase in calcium and releases the inhibition.[11] This action contracts the muscle cell, and through the synchronous process in many muscle cells, the entire muscle.
^ This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license. Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (June 8, 2023). Anatomy & Physiology. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 3.2 The cytoplasm and cellular organelles. ISBN 978-1-947172-04-3.
^Hardin J, Bertoni G, Kleinsmith LJ (2015). Becker's World of the Cell (8th ed.). New York: Pearson. pp. 422–446. ISBN 978013399939-6.
^McKinley, Michael; Dean O'Loughlin, Valerie; Pennefather-O'Brien, Elizabeth; Harris, Ronald (2015). Human Anatomy (4th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill Education. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-07-352573-0.
^ abcdeAlberts B, et al. (2008). Molecular Biology of the Cell (5th ed.). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 978-0-8153-4105-5.
^Cite error: The named reference Herrmann was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abcFletcher DA, Mullins RD (January 2010). "Cell mechanics and the cytoskeleton". Nature. 463 (7280): 485–92. Bibcode:2010Natur.463..485F. doi:10.1038/nature08908. PMC 2851742. PMID 20110992.
^Geli MI, Riezman H (April 1998). "Endocytic internalization in yeast and animal cells: similar and different". Journal of Cell Science. 111 ( Pt 8) (8): 1031–7. doi:10.1242/jcs.111.8.1031. PMID 9512499.
^ abWickstead B, Gull K (August 2011). "The evolution of the cytoskeleton". The Journal of Cell Biology. 194 (4): 513–25. doi:10.1083/jcb.201102065. PMC 3160578. PMID 21859859.
^ abCooper, Geoffrey M. (2000). "Actin, Myosin, and Cell Movement". The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 2nd Edition. Archived from the original on 2018-04-28.
^Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L (2002). "Myosins Move Along Actin Filaments". Biochemistry. 5th Edition. Archived from the original on 2018-05-02.
The cytoskeleton is a complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and...
The prokaryotic cytoskeleton is the collective name for all structural filaments in prokaryotes. It was once thought that prokaryotic cells did not possess...
variety of internal membrane-bound structures, called organelles, and a cytoskeleton which defines the cell's organization and shape. The nucleus stores the...
glycocalyx, as well as the intracellular network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton. In the field of synthetic biology, cell membranes can be artificially...
which holds the membrane onto the cytoskeleton, causing the formation of blebs and the breakdown of the cytoskeleton and the membrane, and ultimately the...
filaments in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that form part of the cytoskeleton. They are primarily composed of polymers of actin, but are modified by...
contractions and expansions of muscles along the animal's length. The cytoskeleton (cyto- meaning 'cell') is used to stabilize and preserve the form of...
shown that the epithelioid cell cytoskeleton formed by filaments differs significantly from the macrophage cytoskeleton. A large increase in the number...
Motor proteins are a class of molecular motors that can move along the cytoskeleton of cells. They convert chemical energy into mechanical work by the hydrolysis...
Microtubules are polymers of tubulin that form part of the cytoskeleton and provide structure and shape to eukaryotic cells. Microtubules can be as long...
Cytoskeleton regulator RNA is a long non-coding RNA that in humans is encoded by the CYTOR gene. CYTOR plays a role in breast cancer. It regulates genes...
complex 3D branching network inside the cell with the cytoskeleton. The association with the cytoskeleton determines mitochondrial shape, which can affect...
mechanically with their environment... Eucaryotic cells have developed... the cytoskeleton... pulls the chromosomes apart at mitosis and then splits the dividing...
Fungicides are pesticides used to kill parasitic fungi or their spores. Fungi can cause serious damage in agriculture, resulting in critical losses of...
of globular multi-functional proteins that form microfilaments in the cytoskeleton, and the thin filaments in muscle fibrils. It is found in essentially...
region. The actin cytoskeleton is an important factor in pollen tube growth, because there are different patterns of actin cytoskeleton within the different...
the centrioles that are structures that help organize the microtubule cytoskeleton.[clarification needed] The nuclear DNA in sperm cells is haploid, that...
muscle, or in flagella. Protein filaments form together to make the cytoskeleton of the cell. They are often bundled together to provide support, strength...
this category is the cytoskeleton. Many microbes modify and influence the synthesis or degradation of the host-cell cytoskeleton, in particular the actin...
cell adhesion molecules and scaffold proteins that anchor them to the cytoskeleton. Interactions with ankyrin-G are important as it is the major organizer...
have structural or mechanical functions, such as those that form the cytoskeleton, a system of scaffolding that maintains the cell shape. Proteins are...
Cytoskeleton-associated protein 5 is a microtubule-associated protein that in humans is encoded by the CKAP5 gene. It is the homolog of the Xenopus protein...
magnitude larger. The cytoskeleton of dendritic spines is particularly important in their synaptic plasticity; without a dynamic cytoskeleton, spines would be...
37–. ISBN 978-1-58112-468-2. Retrieved 25 November 2010. The Cytoskeleton: Cytoskeleton in specialized tissues and in pathological states, edited by JE...
Global Information
This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license. Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (June 8, 2023). Anatomy & Physiology. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 3.2 The cytoplasm and cellular organelles. ISBN 978-1-947172-04-3.
