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Chemical compound
Cylindrospermopsin (abbreviated to CYN, or CYL) is a cyanotoxin produced by a variety of freshwater cyanobacteria.[1] CYN is a polycyclic uracil derivative containing guanidino and sulfate groups. It is also zwitterionic, making it highly water soluble. CYN is toxic to liver and kidney tissue and is thought to inhibit protein synthesis and to covalently modify DNA and/or RNA. It is not known whether cylindrospermopsin is a carcinogen, but it appears to have no tumour initiating activity in mice.[2]
CYN was first discovered after an outbreak of a mystery disease on Palm Island, Queensland, Australia. The outbreak was traced back to a bloom of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in the local drinking water supply, and the toxin was subsequently identified. Analysis of the toxin led to a proposed chemical structure in 1992, which was revised after synthesis was achieved in 2000. Several analogues of CYN, both toxic and non-toxic, have been isolated or synthesised.
C. raciborskii has been observed mainly in tropical areas, however has also recently been discovered in temperate regions of Australia, North, South America, New Zealand and Europe.[3] However, CYN-producing strain of C. raciborskii has not been identified in Europe, several other cyanobacteria species occurring across the continent are able to synthesize it.[3]
^Fastner J, Heinze R, Humpage AR, Mischke U, Eaglesham GK, Chorus I (September 2003). "Cylindrospermopsin occurrence in two German lakes and preliminary assessment of toxicity and toxin production of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria) isolates". Toxicon. 42 (3): 313–21. doi:10.1016/S0041-0101(03)00150-8. PMID 14559084.
^Falconer IR, Humpage AR (2001). "Preliminary evidence for in vivo tumour initiation by oral administration of extracts of the blue-green alga cylindrospermopsis raciborskii containing the toxin cylindrospermopsin". Environmental Toxicology. 16 (2): 192–5. Bibcode:2001EnTox..16..192F. doi:10.1002/tox.1024. PMID 11339720. S2CID 36541311.
^ abPoniedziałek B, Rzymski P, Kokociński M (2012). "Cylindrospermopsin: Water-linked potential threat to human health in Europe". Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 34 (3): 651–60. doi:10.1016/j.etap.2012.08.005. PMID 22986102.
and 19 Related for: Cylindrospermopsin information
Cylindrospermopsin (abbreviated to CYN, or CYL) is a cyanotoxin produced by a variety of freshwater cyanobacteria. CYN is a polycyclic uracil derivative...
2000. Several variants of cylindrospermopsin, both toxic and non-toxic, have been isolated or synthesised. Cylindrospermopsin is toxic to liver and kidney...
PMID 8944776. Saker ML, Eaglesham GK (July 1999). "The accumulation of cylindrospermopsin from the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in tissues...
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powerful toxins (cyanotoxins) such as microcystins, saxitoxin, and cylindrospermopsin. Nowadays, cyanobacterial blooms pose a serious threat to aquatic...
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Anabaena, Microcystis aeruginosa and Cylindrospermopsin raciborskii may produce neurotoxins such as cylindrospermopsin. The Vancouver Lake Watershed Partnership...
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genus have been identified to have genes for producing cytotoxin, cylindrospermopsin, along with two neurotoxins, anatoxin-a and homoanatoxin-a. ":: Algaebase"...
Brookes, Justin D. (2017-11-01). "Benthic cyanobacteria: A source of cylindrospermopsin and microcystin in Australian drinking water reservoirs". Water Research...
several toxins which affect humans: cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin-a and saxitoxin. This first toxin, cylindrospermopsin, has the ability to affect the liver...
ingestion of cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) toxins, in particular cylindrospermopsin, a toxin from Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and other cyanobacteria...
environment during algal blooms, in which it produces toxins such as cylindrospermopsin, which can cause headaches, vomiting and other symptoms in humans...
mystery disease 20 years on: a review of research on the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin". Environ. Toxicol. 18 (2): 78–93. doi:10.1002/tox.10103. PMID 12635096...
hepatoenteritis, the disease was proposed to have been caused by the toxin cylindrospermopsin released from cyanobacterial cells after the addition of excessive...
saxitoxin standards Cyanobacterial toxins ATX, anatoxin-a standard CYN, cylindrospermopsin standard Certified reference materials Scott N. Willie (2001). "What's...
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