"COX" redirects here. For other uses, see Cox (disambiguation).
Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase
Identifiers
EC no.
1.14.99.1
CAS no.
9055-65-6
Databases
IntEnz
IntEnz view
BRENDA
BRENDA entry
ExPASy
NiceZyme view
KEGG
KEGG entry
MetaCyc
metabolic pathway
PRIAM
profile
PDB structures
RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene Ontology
AmiGO / QuickGO
Search
PMC
articles
PubMed
articles
NCBI
proteins
Cyclooxygenase 1
Crystallographic structure of prostaglandin H2 synthase-1 complex with flurbiprofen[1]
Identifiers
Symbol
PTGS1
Alt. symbols
COX-1
NCBI gene
5742
HGNC
9604
OMIM
176805
PDB
1CQE
RefSeq
NM_080591
UniProt
P23219
Other data
EC number
1.14.99.1
Locus
Chr. 9 q32-q33.3
Search for
Structures
Swiss-model
Domains
InterPro
Cyclooxygenase 2
Cyclooxygenase-2 (prostaglandin synthase-2) in complex with a COX-2 selective inhibitor[2]
Identifiers
Symbol
PTGS2
Alt. symbols
COX-2
NCBI gene
5743
HGNC
9605
OMIM
600262
PDB
6COX
RefSeq
NM_000963
UniProt
P35354
Other data
EC number
1.14.99.1
Locus
Chr. 1 q25.2-25.3
Search for
Structures
Swiss-model
Domains
InterPro
Cyclooxygenase (COX), officially known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), is an enzyme (specifically, a family of isozymes, EC 1.14.99.1) that is responsible for biosynthesis of prostanoids, including thromboxane and prostaglandins such as prostacyclin, from arachidonic acid. A member of the animal-type heme peroxidase family, it is also known as prostaglandin G/H synthase. The specific reaction catalyzed is the conversion from arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2 via a short-living prostaglandin G2 intermediate.[3][4]
Pharmaceutical inhibition of COX can provide relief from the symptoms of inflammation and pain.[3] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin and ibuprofen, exert their effects through inhibition of COX. Those that are specific to the COX-2 isozyme are called COX-2 inhibitors. The active metabolite (AM404) of paracetamol is a COX inhibitor, a fact to which some or all of its therapeutic effect has been attributed.[5]
In medicine, the root symbol "COX" is encountered more often than "PTGS". In genetics, "PTGS" is officially used for this family of genes and proteins because the root symbol "COX" was already used for the cytochrome c oxidase family. Thus, the two isozymes found in humans, PTGS1 and PTGS2, are frequently called COX-1 and COX-2 in medical literature. The names "prostaglandin synthase (PHS)", "prostaglandin synthetase (PHS)", and "prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthetase (PES)" are older terms still sometimes used to refer to COX.
^PDB: 1CQE; Picot D, Loll PJ, Garavito RM (January 1994). "The X-ray crystal structure of the membrane protein prostaglandin H2 synthase-1". Nature. 367 (6460): 243–9. Bibcode:1994Natur.367..243P. doi:10.1038/367243a0. PMID 8121489. S2CID 4340064.
^ abLitalien C, Beaulieu P (2011). "Chapter 117 – Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Actions: From Receptors to Effectors". In Fuhrman BP, Zimmerman JJ (eds.). Pediatric Critical Care (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 1553–1568. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-07307-3.10117-X. ISBN 978-0-323-07307-3. Arachidonic acid is a component of membrane phospholipids released either in a one-step process, after phospholipase A2 (PLA2) action, or a two-step process, after phospholipase C and DAG lipase actions. Arachidonic acid is then metabolized by cyclooxygenase (COX) and 5-lipoxygenase, resulting in the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, respectively. These intracellular messengers play an important role in the regulation of signal transduction implicated in pain and inflammatory responses.
^Liu J, Seibold SA, Rieke CJ, Song I, Cukier RI, Smith WL (June 2007). "Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases: peroxidase hydroperoxide specificity and cyclooxygenase activation". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (25): 18233–44. doi:10.1074/jbc.M701235200. PMID 17462992.
^Högestätt ED, Jönsson BA, Ermund A, Andersson DA, Björk H, Alexander JP, Cravatt BF, Basbaum AI, Zygmunt PM (September 2005). "Conversion of acetaminophen to the bioactive N-acylphenolamine AM404 via fatty acid amide hydrolase-dependent arachidonic acid conjugation in the nervous system" (PDF). The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (36): 31405–12. doi:10.1074/jbc.M501489200. PMID 15987694. S2CID 10837155.
Cyclooxygenase (COX), officially known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), is an enzyme (specifically, a family of isozymes, EC 1.14.99.1) that...
thromboxanes is due to its irreversible inactivation of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme. Cyclooxygenase is required for prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis...
production of prostaglandins by decreasing the activity of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX). Ibuprofen is a weaker anti-inflammatory agent than other NSAIDs...
the third trimester of pregnancy. It blocks cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) more than it blocks cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1). It is in the oxicam family of chemicals...
Cyclooxygenases are enzymes that take part in a complex biosynthetic cascade that results in the conversion of polyunsaturated fatty acids to prostaglandins...
2010-3852. PMID 21357332. Cryer B, Feldman M (May 1998). "Cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 selectivity of widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory...
molecules known to cause these symptoms. It does this by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, an enzyme that catalyzes the production of prostaglandins. It was patented...
Kiefer JR, Oates JA, et al. (November 2010). "Molecular basis for cyclooxygenase inhibition by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug naproxen". The...
part of pregnancy or during breastfeeding. Ketorolac works by blocking cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX1 and COX2), thereby decreasing production of prostaglandins...
hydrochlorothiazide. A highly selective reversible inhibitor of the COX-2 isoform of cyclooxygenase, celecoxib inhibits the transformation of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin...
phospholipase-A2, then brought to either the cyclooxygenase pathway or the lipoxygenase pathway. The cyclooxygenase pathway produces thromboxane, prostacyclin...
production of prostacyclin is inhibited by the action of NSAIDs on cyclooxygenase enzymes COX1 and COX2. These convert arachidonic acid to prostaglandin...
("coxib"), etoricoxib selectively inhibits isoform 2 of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX-2). It has approximately 106-fold selectivity for COX-2 inhibition...
E3 (PGE3) is a naturally formed prostaglandin and is formed via the cyclooxygenase (COX) metabolism of eicosapentaenoic acid. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) Prostaglandin...
include NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) that inhibit cyclooxygenase and most glucocorticoids (e.g., dexamethasone and prednisolone).[citation...
function by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-1 (COX1), and hence normal hemostasis. The resulting platelets are unable to produce new cyclooxygenase because they have...
Douhe A, Cerovecki A, Goldstein-Müller B, et al. (July 2006). "The cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib has therapeutic effects in major depression: results...
cavity of mice. The extract is thought to inhibit the same enzyme, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), as the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Pleurisy, and...
1016/0002-9343(86)90077-x. PMID 3085490. Cryer B, Feldman M (May 1998). "Cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 selectivity of widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory...
prostaglandins and thromboxanes is due to its irreversible inactivation of the cyclooxygenase (COX; officially known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase, PTGS)...
of action of aspirin involves irreversible inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase; therefore suppressing the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes...
temperature setpoint of an organism and cause fever. These proteins produce a cyclooxygenase which induces the hypothalamic production of PGE2 which then stimulates...
adverse systemic effects. Unlike other NSAIDs, it does not inhibit cyclooxygenase or lipooxygenase, and is not ulcerogenic. It has powerful reinforcing...
appears to exert its effects through two mechanisms: the inhibition of cyclooxygenase and actions of its metabolite N-arachidonoylphenolamine (AM404). Supporting...
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