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Criminology and penology
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Criminalization or criminalisation, in criminology, is "the process by which behaviors and individuals are transformed into crime and criminals".[1] Previously legal acts may be transformed into crimes by legislation or judicial decision. However, there is usually a formal presumption in the rules of statutory interpretation against the retrospective application of laws, and only the use of express words by the legislature may rebut this presumption. The power of judges to make new law and retrospectively criminalise behaviour is also discouraged. In a less overt way, where laws have not been strictly enforced, the acts prohibited by those laws may also undergo de facto criminalization through more effective or committed legal enforcement. The process of criminalization takes place through societal institutions including schools, the family, and the criminal justice system.[2]
^Michalowski p. 6.
^Rios, Victor M. (2011). Punished: Policing the Lives of Black and Latino Boys. New York and London: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-7637-7.
may also undergo de facto criminalization through more effective or committed legal enforcement. The process of criminalization takes place through societal...
The state determines what actions are considered criminal in the scope of the law. Criminalization has significant human rights considerations, as it...
Cathryn Costello argues that criminalization of migration does not meet the classic liberal principles of criminalization and there are compelling arguments...
Criminalization of Poverty Perpetuates Homelessness". Social Problems. doi:10.1093/socpro/spz004. Gustafson, Kaaryn (2008–2009). The Criminalization of...
"Not a Criminal" is a track that was slated for Chamillionaire's second album, Ultimate Victory (2007). It was released on February 13, 2007. The song...
Criminal Minds is an American police procedural crime drama television series created and produced by Jeff Davis. The series premiered on CBS on September...
business, some criminal organizations, such as terrorist groups, rebel forces, and separatists, are politically motivated. Many criminal organizations...
Criminal justice is the delivery of justice to those who have been accused of committing crimes. The criminal justice system is a series of government...
The International Criminal Court (ICC or ICCt) is an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal seated in The Hague, Netherlands. It is...
Spitzer "Fox News Pushing “Criminalization of Politics” Talking Point" from ThinkProgress.org, 2005 "The Criminalization of Politics", Molly Ivins, 2000...
Criminal law is the body of law that relates to crime. It prescribes conduct perceived as threatening, harmful, or otherwise endangering to the property...
"Smooth Criminal" is a song by the American pop singer Michael Jackson, released on November 14, 1988, from his seventh studio album, Bad (1987). It was...
Criminal intent refers to intention (criminal law), the subjective purpose or goal that must be proven along with criminal acts. It may also refer to:...
under the criminal law. In 2019, the House of Commons Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights released a report on the criminalization of HIV non-disclosure...
Criminal procedure is the adjudication process of the criminal law. While criminal procedure differs dramatically by jurisdiction, the process generally...
A criminal charge is a formal accusation made by a governmental authority (usually a public prosecutor or the police) asserting that somebody has committed...
Emily the Criminal is a 2022 American crime thriller film written and directed by John Patton Ford in his feature directorial debut. Starring Aubrey Plaza...
A criminal code (or penal code) is a document that compiles all, or a significant amount of, a particular jurisdiction's criminal law. Typically a criminal...
The International Criminal Police Organization – INTERPOL (abbreviated as ICPO–INTERPOL; French: Organisation internationale de police criminelle; OIPC)...
crime is a violation of the laws of war that gives rise to individual criminal responsibility for actions by combatants in action, such as intentionally...
In criminal law, criminal negligence is an offence that involves a breach of an objective standard of behaviour expected of a defendant. It may be contrasted...
This is a list of characters in the television series Criminal Minds, an American police procedural drama which premiered September 22, 2005, on CBS and...
Criminal Minds is an American police procedural drama television series that premiered on CBS on September 22, 2005. The series follows a team of profilers...
Federal Criminal Police Office, or Bundeskriminalamt (a German language compound noun literally meaning "Federal Criminal Office"), can refer to: Federal...
Criminal court may refer to: A court that tries offenses against criminal law Criminal justice Criminal Court (film), a 1946 American film. Cour d'assises...
the Law" The Criminalization of Homelessness in Connecticut". Yale Law School, 2016, "Forced into Breaking the Law" The Criminalization of Homelessness...
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