Power spectrum (Fourier transform) of a typical electron micrograph. The effect of the contrast transfer function can be seen in the alternating light and dark rings (Thon rings), which show the relation between contrast and spatial frequency.
The contrast transfer function (CTF) mathematically describes how aberrations in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) modify the image of a sample.[1][2][3][4] This contrast transfer function (CTF) sets the resolution of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), also known as phase contrast TEM.
By considering the recorded image as a CTF-degraded true object, describing the CTF allows the true object to be reverse-engineered. This is typically denoted CTF-correction, and is vital to obtain high resolution structures in three-dimensional electron microscopy, especially electron cryo-microscopy. Its equivalent in light-based optics is the optical transfer function.
^Wade, R. H. (October 1992). "A brief look at imaging and contrast transfer". Ultramicroscopy. 46 (1–4): 145–156. doi:10.1016/0304-3991(92)90011-8.
^Spence, John C. H. (1988 2nd ed) Experimental high-resolution electron microscopy (Oxford U. Press, NY) ISBN 0195054059.
^Ludwig Reimer (1997 4th ed) Transmission electron microscopy: Physics of image formation and microanalysis (Springer, Berlin) preview.
^Earl J. Kirkland (1998) Advanced computing in electron microscopy (Plenum Press, NY).
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