Global InformationCommonwealth of the Philippines information
Commonwealth of the Philippines Mancomunidad de Filipinas (Spanish) Komonwelt ng Pilipinas (Tagalog) | |||||||||||||
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| 1935–1942 1942–1945: Government-in-exile 1945–1946 | |||||||||||||
  Flags
 Coat of arms
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| Anthem: "The Philippine Hymn"[a] | |||||||||||||
 1939 map of the Philippines | |||||||||||||
| Status | Unincorporated and organized U.S. commonwealth (1935–1946)[b] Government-in-exile (1942–1945) | ||||||||||||
| Capital and largest city | Manila[c] 14°35′45″N 120°58′38″E / 14.59583°N 120.97722°E | ||||||||||||
| Official languages |
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| National language | Tagalog[6] | ||||||||||||
| Religion | None official
Majority: Sunni Islam, folk religion | ||||||||||||
| Government | Devolved presidential constitutional dependency | ||||||||||||
| High Commissioner | |||||||||||||
• 1935–1937 | Frank Murphy | ||||||||||||
• 1937–1939 | Paul V. McNutt | ||||||||||||
• 1939–1942 | Francis Bowes Sayre Sr. | ||||||||||||
• 1942–1945 (in exile) | Harold L. Ickes | ||||||||||||
• 1945–1946 | Paul V. McNutt | ||||||||||||
| President | |||||||||||||
• 1935–1944 | Manuel L. Quezon | ||||||||||||
• 1944–1946 | Sergio Osmeña | ||||||||||||
• 1946 | Manuel Roxas | ||||||||||||
| Vice President | |||||||||||||
• 1935–1944 | Sergio Osmeña | ||||||||||||
• 1946 | Elpidio Quirino | ||||||||||||
| Legislature | National Assembly (1935–1941) Congress (1945–1946) | ||||||||||||
• Upper house | Senate (1945–1946) | ||||||||||||
• Lower house | House of Representatives (1945–1946) | ||||||||||||
| Historical era | Interwar, World War II | ||||||||||||
• Tydings–McDuffie Act | November 15 1935 | ||||||||||||
• Government-in-exile | March 12, 1942 | ||||||||||||
• Restoration | February 27, 1945 | ||||||||||||
• Admitted to the UN | October 24, 1945 | ||||||||||||
• Independence | July 4, 1946 | ||||||||||||
• Treaty of Manila | October 22, 1946 | ||||||||||||
| Currency | Philippine peso (₱) United States dollar ($) | ||||||||||||
| Time zone | UTC+08:00 (PST) | ||||||||||||
| Date format |
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| Driving side | left (before 1945) right (after 1945) | ||||||||||||
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| Today part of | Philippines | ||||||||||||
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The Commonwealth of the Philippines (Spanish: Mancomunidad de Filipinas;[7][8] Tagalog: Komonwelt ng Pilipinas[9]) was an unincorporated territory and commonwealth of the United States that existed from 1935 to 1946. It was established following the Tydings–McDuffie Act to replace the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands[10][11][12][13] and was designed as a transitional administration in preparation for full Philippine independence.[14] Its foreign affairs remained managed by the United States.[15]
During its more than a decade of existence, the Commonwealth had a strong executive and a supreme court. Its legislature, dominated by the Nacionalista Party, was at first unicameral but later bicameral. In 1937, the government selected Tagalog – the language of Manila and its surrounding provinces – as the basis of the national language, although it would be many years before its usage became general. Women's suffrage was adopted, and the economy recovered to its pre-Depression level before the Japanese occupation in 1942. A period of exile took place during World War II from 1942 to 1945, when Japan occupied the Commonwealth.
In 1946, the Commonwealth ended, and the Philippines attained full sovereignty as provided for in Article XVIII of the 1935 Constitution.[16]
- ^ Roces, Alejandro R. (June 11, 2009). "Celebrating our freedom". The Philippine Star. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
- ^ Uckung, Peter Jaynul V. (September 7, 2012). "Music for the National Soul". National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
- ^ "Commonwealth Act No. 382". Official Gazette (Philippines). September 5, 1938. Retrieved January 3, 2022.
- ^ 1935 Constitution, Article XIII, section 3 "The National Assembly shall take steps toward the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages. Until otherwise provided by law, English and Spanish shall continue as official languages."
- ^ Mair, Christian (2003). The politics of English as a world language: new horizons in postcolonial cultural studies. NL: Rodopi. pp. 479–82. ISBN 978-90-420-0876-2. Retrieved February 17, 2011. 497 pp.
Roger M. Thompson (January 1, 2003). Filipino English and Taglish: Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 27–29. ISBN 90-272-4891-5. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
Christian Mair (January 1, 2003). The Politics of English as a World Language: New Horizons in Postcolonial Cultural Studies. Rodopi. p. 480. ISBN 90-420-0876-8. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
Antonio L. Rappa; Lionel Wee Hock An (February 23, 2006). Language Policy and Modernity in Southeast Asia: Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-4020-4510-3. Retrieved April 15, 2017. - ^ Cite error: The named reference
EO134was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Official Ballot". Presidential Museum and Library. Archived from the original on October 3, 2017. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
Officials of the Commonwealth of the Philippines – Funcionarios del Commonwealth de Filipinas
- ^ "Manuel Quezon historical marker". National Historical Commission of the Philippines. 1961. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
- ^ "Constitutional Law". Philconsa Yearbook. Philippine Constitution Association. 1965. Retrieved September 26, 2014."Balangkas at Layunin ng Pamahalaang Komonwelt". Bureau of Elementary Education. Department of Education. 2010. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved September 26, 2014.
- ^ Timeline 1930–1939, Philippines: St. Scholastica's College, archived from the original on April 5, 2009, retrieved July 10, 2009.
- ^ Gin Ooi 2004, p. 387.
- ^ Zaide 1994, p. 319.
- ^ Roosevelt, Franklin D (November 14, 1935), "Proclamation 2148 on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines", The American Presidency Project, the Commonwealth Road, consecrated on October 23, 1937, Santa Barbara: University of California, archived from the original on November 1, 2008, retrieved July 13, 2009,
This Proclamation shall be effective upon its promulgation at Manila, Philippine Islands, on November 15, 1935, by the Secretary of War of the United States of America, who is hereby designated as my representative for that purpose.
- ^ Castro, Christi-Anne (April 7, 2011). Musical Renderings of the Philippine Nation. U.S.: Oxford University Press. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-19-974640-8. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2013.
- ^ Seekins 1993, p. 39.
- ^ "The 1935 Constitution". Official Gazette. Government of the Philippines. February 8, 1935. Archived from the original on May 27, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020.