This article is about arbitrary divisions of humanity by skin color. For the anthropological concept of race, see Race (human categorization).
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Identifying human races in terms of skin colour, at least as one among several physiological characteristics, has been common since antiquity. Such divisions appeared in rabbinical literature and in early modern scholarship, usually dividing humankind into four or five categories, with colour-based labels: red, yellow, black, white, and sometimes brown.[1][failed verification] It was long recognized that the number of categories is arbitrary and subjective, and different ethnic groups were placed in different categories at different points in time. François Bernier (1684) doubted the validity of using skin color as a racial characteristic, and Charles Darwin (1871) emphasized the gradual differences between categories.[2] Today there is broad agreement among scientists that typological conceptions of race have no scientific basis.[3][4][5][6]
^Race Is Real, but not in the way Many People Think, Agustín Fuentes, Psychology Today.com, 9 April 2012
^The Royal Institution - panel discussion - What Science Tells us about Race and Racism. 16 March 2016. Archived from the original on 2021-12-13.
^Jorde, Lynn B.; Wooding, Stephen P. (2004). "Genetic variation, classification and 'race'". Nature. 36 (11 Suppl): S28–S33. doi:10.1038/ng1435. PMID 15508000. S2CID 15251775. Ancestry, then, is a more subtle and complex description of an individual's genetic makeup than is race. This is in part a consequence of the continual mixing and migration of human populations throughout history. Because of this complex and interwoven history, many loci must be examined to derive even an approximate portrayal of individual ancestry.
^Michael White. "Why Your Race Isn't Genetic". Pacific Standard. Retrieved 13 December 2014. [O]ngoing contacts, plus the fact that we were a small, genetically homogeneous species to begin with, has resulted in relatively close genetic relationships, despite our worldwide presence. The DNA differences between humans increase with geographical distance, but boundaries between populations are, as geneticists Kenneth Weiss and Jeffrey Long put it, "multilayered, porous, ephemeral, and difficult to identify." Pure, geographically separated ancestral populations are an abstraction: "There is no reason to think that there ever were isolated, homogeneous parental populations at any time in our human past."
and 24 Related for: Color terminology for race information
Greek treatise dated to c. 300 BC. The transmission of the "colorterminology" forrace from antiquity to early anthropology in 17th century Europe took...
century – in parallel with other, more secular terminologiesforrace, such as Blumenbach's fivefold color scheme. The following sources attempted to equate...
Late Show with Stephen Colbert, RuPaul described some of the show's terminology to host Stephen Colbert. Slang terms used on the series have included:...
preference for dating or marrying women of East Asian and Southeast Asian origin. The usage of "yellow" stems from the colorterminologyforrace that is...
Colorterminologyforrace Olive skin Complexion Eye color Health effects of sun exposure Human hair color Human physical appearance Human skin Race (human...
the development of colorterminology has absolute universal constraints. The relativist side asserts that the variability of color terms cross-linguistically...
accusations of colorism. ColorismColorterminologyforrace Hypodescent Light-skinned Louisiana Creole Indian South Africans Baster Mixed-race One-drop rule...
view themselves through their cultural identities rather than color-related terminology. The term, as used in the United States, emphasizes common experiences...
1770s by members of the Göttingen school of history, this biblical terminologyforrace was derived from Shem (Hebrew: שֵׁם), one of the three sons of Noah...
who descend from the Proto-Indo-Europeans as a racial grouping. The terminology derives from the historical usage of Aryan, used by modern Indo-Iranians...
United States, the relationship between race and crime has been a topic of public controversy and scholarly debate for more than a century. Crime rates vary...
Bois, Paul Robeson, and Judge Robert L. Carter. Although the terminology critical race theory began in its application to laws, the subject emerges from...
were being used to define racefor centuries (i.e. skin color and facial features) were superficial and had no utility for survival. Because, according...
school of history derived the raceterminology Semites, Hamites and Japhetites. Certain of Noah's grandsons were also used for names of peoples: from Elam...
that race is a social construct, and that using it as a proxy for genetic differences among populations is misleading. Many constructions of race are associated...
communities to improve the lives of LGBT people of color, and reshape social perceptions of race and gender. The project's membership (volunteers and...
racialized classification of people generally used for those of mostly European ancestry. It is also a skin color specifier, although the definition can vary...
relations differently and therefore use different systems of kinship terminology; for example, some languages distinguish between consanguine and affinal...
morphologically similar Noric race (a race intermediate between Nordic and Dinaric races). The skin is lacking the rosy color characteristic for Northern Europe as...
1940s Lundman adopted the term "North-Atlantid" to cover these earlier terminologies, and further popularised it in The Races and Peoples of Europe (1977)...
history of contact with Western cultures and the emergence of concepts of race. In all human societies, bodily adornments of many kinds are part of nonverbal...
Issues related to race and sports have been examined by scholars for a long time. Among these issues are racial discrimination in sports as well as the...
crimson and violet. However, also here there is much variation in colorterminology depending on cultural background of the painters and authors, and...