The Aryan race is an obsolete historical race concept that emerged in the late-19th century to describe people who descend from the Proto-Indo-Europeans as a racial grouping.[1][2] The terminology derives from the historical usage of Aryan, used by modern Indo-Iranians as an epithet of "noble". Anthropological, historical, and archaeological evidence does not support the validity of this concept.[3][4]
The concept derives from the notion that the original speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language were distinct progenitors of a superior specimen of humankind,[5][6] and that their descendants up to the present day constitute either a distinctive race or a sub-race of the Caucasian race, alongside the Semitic race and the Hamitic race.[7] This taxonomic approach to categorizing human population groups is now considered to be misguided and biologically meaningless due to the close genetic similarity and complex interrelationships between these groups.[8][9][10]
The term was adopted by various racist and antisemitic writers during the 19th century, including Arthur de Gobineau, Richard Wagner, and Houston Stewart Chamberlain,[11] whose scientific racism influenced later Nazi racial ideology.[12] By the 1930s, the concept had been associated with both Nazism and Nordicism,[13] and used to support the white supremacist ideology of Aryanism that portrayed the Aryan race as a "master race",[14] with non-Aryans regarded as racially inferior (Untermensch, lit.'subhuman') and an existential threat that was to be exterminated.[15] In Nazi Germany, these ideas formed an essential part of the state ideology that led to the Holocaust.[16][17]
^Knight Dunlap (October 1944). "The Great Aryan Myth". The Scientific Monthly. 59 (4). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 296–300. Bibcode:1944SciMo..59..296D. JSTOR 18253.
^Arvindsson 2006, pp. 13–50.
^Arvindsson 2006, p. 45.
^Ramaswamy, Sumathi (June 2001). "Remains of the race: Archaeology, nationalism, and the yearning for civilisation in the Indus valley". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 38 (2): 105–145. doi:10.1177/001946460103800201. ISSN 0019-4646. S2CID 145756604.
^Pereltsvaig & Lewis 2015, p. 11.
^Anthony 2007, p. 2.
^Mish, Frederic C., Editor in Chief Webster's Tenth New Collegiate Dictionary Springfield, Massachusetts. 1994 – Merriam-Webster See original definition (definition #1) of "Aryan" in English. 0. 66
^Templeton, A. (2016). "Evolution and Notions of Human Race". In Losos, J.; Lenski, R. (eds.). How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society. Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. pp. 346–361. doi:10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26. ISBN 9780691170398. JSTOR j.ctv7h0s6j. ... the answer to the question whether races exist in humans is clear and unambiguous: no.
^Wagner, Jennifer K.; Yu, Joon-Ho; Ifekwunigwe, Jayne O.; Harrell, Tanya M.; Bamshad, Michael J.; Royal, Charmaine D. (February 2017). "Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 162 (2): 318–327. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23120. PMC 5299519. PMID 27874171.
^American Association of Physical Anthropologists (27 March 2019). "AAPA Statement on Race and Racism". American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
^Paul B. Rich (1998). "Racial ideas and the impact of imperialism in Europe". The European Legacy. 3 (1): 30–33. doi:10.1080/10848779808579862.
^Anthony 2007, pp. 13–40.
^Gregor, A James (1961). "Nordicism Revisted". Phylon. 22 (4): 352–360. doi:10.2307/273538. JSTOR 273538.
^Bryant 2001, pp. 33–50.
^Longerich, Peter (2010). Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0191613470.
^Cite error: The named reference :7 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"Aryan". Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
The Aryanrace is an obsolete historical race concept that emerged in the late-19th century to describe people who descend from the Proto-Indo-Europeans...
Aryanism is an ideology of racial supremacy which views the supposed Aryanrace as a distinct and superior racial group which is entitled to rule the...
The master race (German: Herrenrasse) is a pseudoscientific concept in Nazi ideology in which the putative "Aryanrace" is deemed the pinnacle of human...
Aryan or Arya (/ˈɛəriən/; Indo-Iranian *arya) is a term originally used as an ethnocultural self-designation by Indo-Iranians in ancient times, in contrast...
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Aryan Nations is a North American antisemitic, neo-Nazi and white supremacist hate group that was originally based in Kootenai County, Idaho, about 2+3⁄4...
belonging to the Aryanrace, but whom German officials nevertheless chose to spare persecution. As to why the status of "honorary Aryan" was bestowed by...
is that Nature began to create the Aryanrace before the final cataclysms.) Theosophists believe the Aryan root race was physically progenerated by the...
results according to contemporary scientific racist theories on the "Aryanrace". During the 1885 Anthropology Congress in Karlsruhe, Virchow denounced...
the Nazis claimed that the Nordic race was the most superior branch of the "Aryanrace" and constituted a master race (Herrenvolk). The Russian-born French...
pseudoscientific and racist doctrines asserting the superiority of the putative "Aryanrace", which claimed scientific legitimacy. This was combined with a eugenics...
Germany, the Aryan certificate/passport (German: Ariernachweis) was a document which certified that a person was a member of the presumed Aryanrace. Beginning...
when the German Nazi Party adopted the swastika as an emblem of the Aryanrace. As a result of World War II and the Holocaust, in the West it continues...
identifying ethnic Germans as part of what the Nazis regarded as an Aryan or Nordic master race. Nazism sought to overcome social divisions and create a homogeneous...
The Aryan Brotherhood (AB or the Brand) is a neo-Nazi prison gang and an organized crime syndicate that is based in the United States and has an estimated...
Indigenous Aryanism, also known as the Indigenous Aryans theory (IAT) and the Out of India theory (OIT), is the conviction that the Aryans are indigenous...
right of residence solely for members of the "Aryanrace" and excluded from such rights any non-Aryans, particularly those of Jewish and Slavic descent...
disciplines and fostered the idea that the German people descended from an Aryanrace which was racially superior to other racial groups. Hitler became Chancellor...
1899 The Aryan and his Social Role, in which he claimed that the white "Aryanrace" "dolichocephalic", was opposed to the "brachycephalic" race, of whom...
inferior, or of a foreign race (Fremdvölkische). The Nazis sought to strengthen the Germanic people, the "Aryan master race", through racial purity and...
colonialism. The Armenoid race was variously described (depending on author) as a "sub-race" of the "Aryanrace" or the "Caucasian race" (e.g. by Carleton Coon)...
Europe and that are viewed pseudoscientifically as being traits of an Aryanrace), and not all white-supremacist organizations agree on who is their greatest...
occultism, religions supposedly considered native to the "Aryanrace", see Ariosophy . Ancient Aryans were Yuddhistir for ruled 36 years as a yug of dwaparyuga...
racialist and especially völkisch antisemitic theories on how he saw the Aryanrace as superior to others, and the Teutonic peoples as a positive force in...
inferior people whose aim was to undermine the rule and purity of the Aryanrace. In addition, he was convinced that the Catholic Church had been suppressing...
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