Establishment and development of settlements by people or animals
Not to be confused with Colonisation (biology), the process by which species spread to new areas.
For the philosophy or policy of returning African Americans to Africa (Liberia), see American Colonization Society.
For other uses, see Colonization (disambiguation).
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Colonization (British English: colonisation) is a process of establishing control over foreign territories or peoples for the purpose of exploitation and possibly settlement, setting up coloniality and often colonies, commonly pursued and maintained by colonialism.[1][2][3]
Colonization is sometimes used synonymously with settling, as with colonisation in biology, but while colonization historically involved settling, this particular form is called settler colonialism. In this case, colonization is structured and enforced by the settlers directly, while their or their ancestors' metropolitan country maintains a connection or control through the settler's colonialism. In settler colonization, a minority group rules either through the assimilation or oppression of the indigenous peoples,[4][5] or by establishing itself as the demographic majority through driving away, displacing or outright killing the indigenous people, as well as through immigration and births of metropolitan as well as other settlers.
The European colonization of Australia, New Zealand, and other places in Oceania was fueled by explorers, and colonists often regarding the encountered landmasses as terra nullius ("empty land" in Latin).[6] This resulted in laws and ideas such as Mexico's General Colonization Law and the United States' manifest destiny doctrine which furthered colonization.
^"Colonialism, Coloniality and Settler Colonialism". UnLeading. August 11, 2022. Retrieved December 27, 2023.
^Marc Ferro (1997). Colonization. Routledge. p. 1. doi:10.4324/9780203992586. ISBN 9780203992586."Colonization is associated with the occupation of a foreign land, with its being brought under cultivation, with the settlement of colonists. If this definition of the term “colony” is used, the phenomenon dates from the Greek period. Likewise we speak of Athenian, then Roman 'imperialism'."
^"colonization noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes". Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
^Howe, Stephen (2002). Empire: A Very Short Introduction. United States: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191604447.
^Howe, Stephen (2002). Empire: A Very Short Introduction. United States: Oxford University Press. pp. 21–31.
^Painter, Joe; Jeffrey, Alex (2009). Political Geography. London, GBR: SAGE Publications Ltd. p. 169.
maintained by colonialism. Colonization is sometimes used synonymously with settling, as with colonisation in biology, but while colonization historically involved...
The Colonizer and the Colonized (French: Portrait du colonisé, précédé par Portrait du colonisateur) is a nonfiction book by Albert Memmi, published in...
Space colonization is the use of outer space for colonization, such as permanent habitation, exploitation or territorial claims. Extraterrestrial colonization is...
The American Colonization Society (ACS), initially the Society for the Colonization of Free People of Color of America, was an American organization founded...
Colonization of space was claimed by Stephen Hawking to be the best way to ensure the survival of humans as a species. Other reasons for colonizing space...
and the colonization of African Americans to places far away from Virginia. Jefferson was the most important early advocate of colonization. The Reverend...
Great Plains, experienced little to no colonization at all until the 1800s. European contact and colonization had disastrous effects on the indigenous...
Latvia). Small, but wealthy, the Duchy took a modest part in the European colonization settlement attempts of West Africa and the Caribbean. Like Brandenburg...
and ultimately human presence in the form of colonization. In the 1970s the word and goal of colonization was discouraged by NASA and funds as well as...
of the planet Mars Colonization of the asteroid belt – Proposed concepts for the human colonization of the asteroids Colonization of the Moon – Settlement...
National Colonization can refer to: Colonization Societies to repatriate slaves, including National Colonization Society of America A plan implemented...
The Spanish colonization of the Americas began in 1493 on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic) after the initial 1492...
German colonization may refer to: German colonization of the Americas German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue German colonization of Africa...
(10,09,55,66 km2). Liberia was founded, colonized, established, and controlled by the American Colonization Society, a private organisation established...
The historical phenomenon of colonization is one that stretches around the globe and across time. Ancient and medieval colonialism was practiced by the...
Ocean colonization (or blue colonization) is the exploitation, settlement or territorial claim of the ocean and the oceanic crust. Ocean colonization has...
colonial history of the United States covers the period of European colonization of North America from the early 16th century until the incorporation...
The Curonian colonization of the Americas was performed by the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (now Latvia), which was the second-smallest state to colonise...
The Colonization of Greenland may refer to either: the Norse colonization of Greenland in the 10th century the Danish colonization of Greenland in the...
The colonisation of Oceania includes: Colonisation of Australia Colonisation of New Zealand Colonisation of the Pacific islands Europeans in Oceania Indigenous...
The British colonization of the Americas is the history of establishment of control, settlement, and colonization of the continents of the Americas by...
German attempts at the colonization of the Americas consisted of German Venezuela (German: Klein-Venedig, also German: Welser-Kolonie), St. Thomas and...
continent. Antarctic field camps Colonialism Colonization Research stations in Antarctica Space colonization Territorial claims in Antarctica Mancilla,...
was the history of colonization, Shchapov described the process [...]. Two methods of colonization were primary: 'fur colonization,' with hunters harvesting...
such as the formation of ancient empires and the first wave of European colonization. The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) and the collapse of the Spanish...
Benguela. Portuguese Paulo Dias de Novais secured a grant allowing him to colonize what is now Angola. In exchange for agreeing to raise private funds to...
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