Greenland map of Köppen climate classificationRetreat of the Helheim Glacier, GreenlandMap of Greenland's rate of change in ice sheet heightMap of Greenland bedrock
Greenland's climate is a tundra climate (Köppen ET) on and near the coasts and an ice cap climate (Köppen EF) in inland areas. It typically has short, cool summers and long, moderately cold winters.
Due to Gulf Stream influences, Greenland's winter temperatures are very mild for its latitude. In Nuuk, the capital, average winter temperatures are only −9 °C (16 °F).[1] In comparison, the average winter temperatures for Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada, are around −27 °C (−17 °F).[2] Conversely, summer temperatures are very low, with an average high around 10 °C (50 °F).[1] This is too low to sustain trees, and the land is treeless tundra.
On the Greenland ice sheet, the temperature is far below freezing throughout the year,[3] and record high temperatures have peaked only slightly above freezing. The record high temperature at Summit Camp is 2.2 °C (36.0 °F).[4]
In the far south of Greenland, there is a very small forest in the Qinngua Valley, due to summer temperatures being barely high enough to sustain trees. There are mountains over 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) high surrounding the valley, which protect it from cold, fast winds travelling across the ice sheet.[5] It is the only natural forest in Greenland, but is only 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) long.
^ ab"DMI Report 18–19: Climatological Standard Normals 1981–2010 Denmark, The Faroe Islands and Greenland Based on Data Published in DMI Reports 18–08, 18–04 and 18–05" (PDF). Danish Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 February 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
^"Iqaluit A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. 31 October 2011. Climate ID: 2402590. Archived from the original on May 16, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
^Shuman, Christopher A.; Steffen, Konrad; Box, Jason E.; Stearns, Charles R. (2001). "A Dozen Years of Temperature Observations at the Summit: Central Greenland Automatic Weather Stations 1987–99". Journal of Applied Meteorology. 40 (4). American Meteorological Society: 741–752. Bibcode:2001JApMe..40..741S. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<0741:adyoto>2.0.co;2. hdl:11603/24315. ISSN 0894-8763.
^"Vejrekstremer Grønland". Danish Meteorological Institute (in Danish). Archived from the original on 2021-12-27. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
^"Qinngua Valley". Wondermondo. 23 June 2013. Retrieved 2015-01-20.
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