Overview of indigenous activism in Cleveland, Ohio
Indigenous activists in Cleveland, Ohio, have advocated Indigenous issues and rights since the early 1900s. After the removal of the last Native Americans from their traditional territory in Ohio in 1842, Cleveland, and the greater Cuyahoga County, had an almost nonexistent Indigenous population.[citation needed][1] However, in the early 1900s, an Osaukee man named Chief Thunderwater engaged in activism, protesting the displacement of the Erie Street Cemetery and creating the Supreme Council of Indian Nations, which advocated for Indigenous peoples' right to cross the United States–Canada border in the Supreme Court case of McCandless v. United States.[2] Later in the century, the Indian Relocation Act of 1956 moved a variety of Native Americans from their different reservations in the West into Ohio, specifically metropolitan areas like Cleveland.[3] With the resurgent population came a wave of activism, as the Cleveland American Indian center was created and the national American Indian Movement established a chapter in the city in 1970.[4][5] Annual mascot protests in Cleveland began in 1972, with local groups AIM and the Committee of 500 Years of Dignity and Resistance participating.[6] An important Ohio Supreme Court case, Bellecourt v. City of Cleveland, protected protestors first amendment rights in court.[7] The Cleveland Indians ended the use of their old mascot, Chief Wahoo, in 2019 and in 2020 announced that they would consider changing their team name, in response to ongoing protests.[8] In July 2021, the Cleveland baseball team announced their new name: The Cleveland Guardians.[7] Mascot protests also extend to local schools in the Cleveland area, where the Oberlin School District ended their use of Indians as their mascot.[9]
^"Ohio's Trail of Tears – Wyandotte Nation". Retrieved 2020-10-08.
^Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"American Indian Urban Relocation". National Archives. 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2020-10-08.
^Cite error: The named reference :15 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^sundance (2011-05-14). "About Cleveland American Indian Movement". Cleveland American Indian Movement. Retrieved 2020-10-08.
^"About Us, Committee of 500 Years of Dignity and Resistance". Committee of 500 Years of Dignity and Resistance. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
^ abHoynes, Paul. "Cleveland Indians choose Guardians as new team name". Cleveland.com. Retrieved 2021-10-22.
^Bogage, Jacob. "The Cleveland Indians' season is over, and so is Chief Wahoo's 71-year run". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2020-10-08.
^Cite error: The named reference :13 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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