An Act to prescribe penalties for certain acts of violence or intimidation, and for other purposes.
Nicknames
Indian Civil Rights Act
Indian Bill of Rights
Fair Housing Act
Housing Rights Act
Open Housing Act
Anti-Riot Act
Federal Anti-Riot Act
Rap Brown Act
Rap Brown Law
Civil Obedience Act
Stokely Carmichael Act
Enacted by
the 90th United States Congress
Effective
April 11, 1968
Citations
Public law
90-284
Statutes at Large
82 Stat. 73
Codification
Titles amended
Title 18—Crimes and Criminal Procedure
Title 25—Indians
Title 42—Public Health and Welfare
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 2516 by Emanuel Celler (D–NY) on January 17, 1967
Committee consideration by Judiciary
Passed the House on August 16, 1967 (327–93)
Passed the Senate on March 11, 1968 (71–20) with amendment
House agreed to Senate amendment on April 10, 1968 (250–172)
Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on April 11, 1968
Major amendments
Section 1983
Housing and Community Development Act of 1974
Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988
Housing for Older Persons Act
United States Supreme Court cases
Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 392 U.S. 409 (1968)
Hunter v. Erickson, 393 U.S. 385 (1969)
Kennerly v. District Court, 400 U.S. 423 (1971)
Trafficante v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 409 U.S. 205 (1972)
Curtis v. Loether, 415 U.S. 189 (1974)
v
t
e
Civil Rights Movement in Washington D.C.
National movement
Journey of Reconciliation
Executive Order 9981
Prayer Pilgrimage
Strom Thurmond filibuster
Civil Rights Act of 1957
1st Youth March
2nd Youth March
Civil Rights Act of 1960
Baldwin–Kennedy meeting
President Kennedy's civil rights address
March on Washington
"I Have a Dream"
24th U.S. Constitutional Amendment
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Poor People's Campaign
District of Columbia
District of Columbia v. John R. Thompson Co.
Bolling v. Sharpe
23rd U.S. Constitutional Amendment
The Civil Rights Act of 1968 (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 90–284, 82 Stat. 73, enacted April 11, 1968) is a landmark law in the United States signed into law by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson during the King assassination riots.
Titles II through VII comprise the Indian Civil Rights Act, which applies to the Native American tribes of the United States and makes many but not all of the guarantees of the U.S. Bill of Rights applicable within the tribes.[1] (That Act appears today in Title 25, sections 1301 to 1303 of the United States Code).
Titles VIII and IX are commonly known as the Fair Housing Act, which was meant as a follow-up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (this is different legislation than the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968, which expanded housing funding programs). While the Civil Rights Act of 1866 prohibited discrimination in housing, there were no federal enforcement provisions.[2] The 1968 act expanded on previous acts and prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, and since 1974, sex. Since 1988, the act protects people with disabilities and families with children. Pregnant women are also protected from illegal discrimination because they have been given familial status with their unborn child being the other family member. Victims of discrimination may use both the 1968 act and the 1866 act's section 1983[3] to seek redress. The 1968 act provides for federal solutions while the 1866 act provides for private solutions (i.e., civil suits). The act also made it a federal crime to "by force or by threat of force, injure, intimidate, or interfere with anyone... by reason of their race, color, religion, or national origin, handicap or familial status."[4]
Title X, commonly known as the Anti-Riot Act, makes it a felony to "travel in interstate commerce...with the intent to incite, promote, encourage, participate in and carry on a riot." That provision has been criticized for "equating organized political protest with organized violence."[5]
^""Civil Rights Act of 1968" full text" (PDF). U.S. Government Publishing Office. November 14, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 8, 2020. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
^"Civil Rights Act of 1866 & Civil Rights Act of 1871 – CRA – 42 U.S. Code 21 §§1981, 1981A, 1983, & 1988". findUSlaw. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
^"42 USC § 1983 – Civil action for deprivation of rights". Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
^Michael Bronski; Ann Pellegrini; Michael Amico (October 2, 2013). "Hate Crime Laws Don't Prevent Violence Against LGBT People". The Nation. Archived from the original on November 20, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
^Peter Babcox; Noam Chomsky; Judy Collins; Harvey Cox; Edgar Z. Friedenberg; et al. (June 19, 1969). "The Committee to Defend the Conspiracy". The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on October 19, 2011. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
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