This article is about the 1964 Civil Rights Act. For other American laws called the Civil Rights Acts, see Civil Rights Act.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Long title
An Act to enforce the constitutional right to vote, to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States of America to provide injunctive relief against discrimination in public accommodations, to authorize the Attorney General to institute suits to protect constitutional rights in public facilities and public education, to extend the Commission on Civil Rights, to prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs, to establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity, and for other purposes.
Enacted by
the 88th United States Congress
Effective
July 2, 1964; 59 years ago (1964-07-02)
Citations
Public law
88-352
Statutes at Large
78 Stat. 241
Codification
Acts amended
Civil Rights Act of 1957
Civil Rights Act of 1960
Titles amended
Title 42—The Public Health and Welfare
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 7152 by Emanuel Celler (D–NY) on June 20, 1963
Committee consideration by Judiciary
Passed the House on February 10, 1964[1] (290–130)
Passed the Senate on June 19, 1964[2] (73–27) with amendment
House agreed to Senate amendment on July 2, 1964[3] (289–126)
Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964
Major amendments
Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972
Pregnancy Discrimination Act
Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987
Civil Rights Act of 1991
No Child Left Behind Act
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009
United States Supreme Court cases
See § United States Supreme Court cases
v
t
e
Civil Rights Movement in Washington D.C.
National movement
Journey of Reconciliation
Executive Order 9981
Prayer Pilgrimage
Strom Thurmond filibuster
Civil Rights Act of 1957
1st Youth March
2nd Youth March
Civil Rights Act of 1960
Baldwin–Kennedy meeting
President Kennedy's civil rights address
March on Washington
"I Have a Dream"
24th U.S. Constitutional Amendment
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Poor People's Campaign
District of Columbia
District of Columbia v. John R. Thompson Co.
Bolling v. Sharpe
23rd U.S. Constitutional Amendment
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 88–352, 78 Stat. 241, enacted July 2, 1964) is a landmark civil rights and labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex,[a] and national origin.[4] It prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements, racial segregation in schools and public accommodations, and employment discrimination. The act "remains one of the most significant legislative achievements in American history".[5]
Initially, powers given to enforce the act were weak, but these were supplemented during later years. Congress asserted its authority to legislate under several different parts of the United States Constitution, principally its enumerated power to regulate interstate commerce under the Commerce Clause of Article I, Section VIII, its duty to guarantee all citizens equal protection of the laws under the Fourteenth Amendment, and its duty to protect voting rights under the Fifteenth Amendment.
The legislation was proposed by President John F. Kennedy in June 1963, but it was opposed by filibuster in the Senate. After Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, President Lyndon B. Johnson pushed the bill forward. The United States House of Representatives passed the bill on February 10, 1964, and after a 72-day filibuster, it passed the United States Senate on June 19, 1964. The final vote was 290–130 in the House of Representatives and 73–27 in the Senate.[6] After the House agreed to a subsequent Senate amendment, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was signed into law by President Johnson at the White House on July 2, 1964.
^"H.R. 7152. Passage". GovTrack.us. Archived from the original on December 6, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
^"HR. 7152. Passage". GovTrack.us. Archived from the original on December 6, 2020. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
^"H.R. 7152. Civil Rights Act of 1964. Adoption of a Resolution (H. RES. 789) Providing for House Approval of the Bill As Amended by the Senate". GovTrack.us. Archived from the original on September 10, 2019. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
^"Transcript of Civil Rights Act (1964)" Archived April 18, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 28, 2012.
^"U.S. Senate: Landmark Legislation: The Civil Rights Act of 1964". www.senate.gov. Archived from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
^"HR. 7152. Passage. Senate Vote #409 – Jun 19, 1964". GovTrack.us. Archived from the original on December 6, 2020. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
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