U.S. law defining citizenship and equal protection
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Civil Rights Act of 1866
Long title
An Act to protect all Persons in the United States in their Civil Rights and liberties, and furnish the Means of their Vindication.
Acronyms (colloquial)
CRA 1866
Enacted by
the 39th United States Congress
Effective
April 9, 1866
Citations
Public law
14 Stat. 27–30
Legislative history
Introduced in the Senate as S. 61 by Lyman Trumbull (R–IL) on January 5, 1866
Committee consideration by Judiciary
Passed the Senate on February 2, 1866 (33–12)
Passed the House on March 13, 1866 (111–38)
Vetoed by President Andrew Johnson on March 27, 1866
Overridden by the Senate on April 6, 1866 (33–15)
Overridden by the House and became law on April 9, 1866 (122–41)
Major amendments
Civil Rights Act of 1991 (Section 1981) P.L. 102–166
United States Supreme Court cases
Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 392 U.S. 409 (1968)
Sullivan v. Little Hunting Park, Inc., 396 U.S. 229 (1969)
Johnson v. Railway Express Agency, Inc., 421 U.S. 454 (1975)
Runyon v. McCrary, 427 U.S. 160 (1976)
McDonald v. Santa Fe Trail Transp. Co., 427 U.S. 273 (1976)
Memphis v. Greene, 451 U.S. 100 (1981)
General Bldg. Contractors Assn., Inc. v. Pennsylvania, 458 U.S. 375 (1982)
Saint Francis College v. al-Khazraji, 481 U.S. 604 (1987)
Goodman v. Lukens Steel Co., 482 U.S. 656 (1987)
Jett v. Dallas Independent School Dist., 491 U.S. 701 (1989)
Jones v. RR Donnelley & Sons Co., 541 U.S. 369 (2004)
Domino's Pizza, Inc. v. McDonald, 546 U.S. 470 (2006)
CBOCS West, Inc. v. Humphries, 553 U.S. 442 (2008)
Comcast v. National Association of African-American-Owned Media, No. 18-1171, 589 U.S. ___ (2020)
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Civil Rights Act of 1866
The Civil Rights Act of 1866 (14 Stat. 27–30, enacted April 9, 1866, reenacted 1870) was the first United States federal law to define citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law.[1] It was mainly intended, in the wake of the American Civil War, to protect the civil rights of persons of African descent born in or brought to the United States.[2]
The Act was passed by Congress in 1866 and vetoed by U.S. President Andrew Johnson. In April 1866, Congress again passed the bill to support the Thirteenth Amendment, and Johnson again vetoed it, but a two-thirds majority in each chamber overrode the veto to allow it to become law without presidential signature.
John Bingham and other congressmen argued that Congress did not yet have sufficient constitutional power to enact this law. Following passage of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868, Congress ratified the 1866 Act in 1870.
^White, Deborah (2012). Freedom on My Mind. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 391. ISBN 978-0-312-64884-8.
^Civil Rights Act of 1866
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