Chromium deficiency is described as the consequence of an insufficient dietary intake of the mineral chromium. Chromium was first proposed as an essential element for normal glucose metabolism in 1959,[1] but its biological function has not been identified.[2] Cases of deficiency were described in people who received all of their nutrition intravenously for long periods of time.[3]
The essentiality of chromium has been challenged.[4][5][6] Whereas the authorities in the European Union do not recognize chromium as an essential nutrient,[7] those in the United States do, and identify an adequate intake for adults as between 25 and 45 μg/day, depending on age and sex.[8] Dietary supplements containing chromium are widely available in the United States, with claims for benefits for fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1C and weight loss. Reviews report the changes as modest, and without scientific consensus that the changes have a clinically relevant impact.[9][10]
^SCHWARZ, K; MERTZ, W (November 1959). "Chromium(III) and the glucose tolerance factor". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 85: 292–295. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(59)90479-5. PMID 14444068.
^Mertz, W (April 1993). "Chromium in human nutrition: a review". The Journal of Nutrition. 123 (4): 626–633. doi:10.1093/jn/123.4.626. PMID 8463863.
^Expert group on Vitamins and Minerals (August 2002). "Review of Chromium" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
^Vincent, John B. (2010). "Chromium: celebrating 50 years as an essential element?". Dalton Transactions. 39 (16): 3787–3794. doi:10.1039/B920480F. PMID 20372701.
^Jeejeebhoy, Khursheed N. (1999). "The role of chromium in nutrition and therapeutics and as a potential toxin". Nutrition Reviews. 57 (11): 329–335. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1999.tb06909.x. PMID 10628183.
^Vincent, JB (2013). "Chromium: Is It Essential, Pharmacologically Relevant, or Toxic?". Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 13. pp. 171–198. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_6. ISBN 978-94-007-7499-5. PMID 24470092.
^Cite error: The named reference EFSA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference ChromiumDRI was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Costello2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Onakpoya I, Posadzki P, Ernst E (2013). "Chromium supplementation in overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials". Obes Rev. 14 (6): 496–507. doi:10.1111/obr.12026. PMID 23495911. S2CID 21832321.
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