Global InformationChristianity in India information
 Saint Thomas Christian cross from the 9th century Kadamattom Church | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 26 million[1] (2.3%) (2011) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Largest Christian population in Kerala at 6.14 million (18.4% of state population), Majority in Nagaland at 87%, Mizoram at 86% and Meghalaya at 75%. Plurality in Manipur at 42% and Arunachal Pradesh at 30%. Significant populations in Goa at 25%, Pondicherry at 6.3% and Tamil Nadu at 6.2%. | |
| Religions | |
| Protestant (59.22%), Catholic (33.19%), Syrian Orthodox (7.44%), Others (0.15%) etc.[2] | |
| Languages | |
| Malayalam, Syriac, Latin, Bengali, Punjabi, English, Tamil, Hindi-Urdu, Bodo, Khasi, Karbi, Mizo, Rabha, Mushing, Naga, Kuki, Garo, Hmar, Nepali, Assamese, Odia, Gujarati, Marathi, Kokborok, Konkani, Kadodi, Kannada, Telugu, Bombay East Indian and various Indian languages | |
| Names in native languages include Eesai, Kristhava, Masihi-Qaum, Nasrani |
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Christianity is India's third-largest religion with about 26 million adherents, making up 2.3 percent of the population as of the 2011 census.[1] The written records of St Thomas Christians mention that Christianity was introduced to the Indian subcontinent by Thomas the Apostle, who sailed to the Malabar region (present-day Kerala) in 52 AD.[3][4][5][6]
The Acts of Thomas say that the early Christians were Malabarese Jews, who had settled in what is present-day Kerala, before the birth of Christ.[7][8] St Thomas, an Aramaic-speaking Jew[9][10] from Galilee (present-day Israel) and one of the disciples of Jesus Christ, came to India[11] in search of Indian Jews.[8][12] Following years of evangelism, Thomas was martyred and then buried at St Thomas Mount, Mylapore.[3] A scholarly consensus exists that a Christian community had firmly established in Malabar, by 600 AD at the latest; these communes were composed mainly of Nestorians belonging to the Church of the East in India, that used the East Syriac Rite of worship.[13]
Following the discovery of a sea route to India by the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama in the 15th century AD, Western Christianity was established in the European colonies of Goa, Tranquebar, Bombay, Madras and Pondicherry; in the form of Catholicism (particularly of Latin Rite) and Protestantism.[14] Conversions took place through the Goan Inquisition; with the oppression of Hindus and the destruction of Hindu temples.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][neutrality is disputed] Christian missionaries introduced the western educational system to the Indian subcontinent, to spread Christianity and campaign for Hindu social reforms.[23][24][25]
Among North India's oldest Christians are those of Bettiah, Bihar, formed in the early 1700s.[26][27] The Church of North India and the Church of South India are a United Protestant denomination, that resulted from the evangelism and ecumenism of Anglicans, Calvinists, Methodists and other Indian Protestants who flourished in colonial India. Consequently, these churches are part of the worldwide Anglican Communion, World Communion of Reformed Churches and World Methodist Council.[28][29][30][31][32] Christianity is the largest religion in parts of Northeast India, specifically in Nagaland, Mizoram, and Meghalaya.[33] It also is a significant religion in Arunachal, where about 30 percent of the state is Christian.[34]
Christians were involved in the Indian National Congress (INC) and the Indian independence movement. The All India Conference of Indian Christians advocated for swaraj (self rule) and opposed the partition of India.[35][36][37] Along with native Christians, small numbers of mixed Eurasian peoples such as Anglo-Indians, Luso-Indians & Armenian Indians also existed in the subcontinent. There are also reports of crypto-Christians who follow their faith in secret or hiding, due to the fear of persecution by Hindu extremists.[38][39][40][41][42] Some other Christians have gone through forced conversion to Hinduism by political parties, such as Shiv Sena, the BJP & the VHP.[43][44][45][46][47][48]
- ^ a b "India's population at 1.21 billion; Hindus 79.8%, Muslims 14.2%". Business Standard India. 26 August 2015. Archived from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
- ^ Hackett, Conrad (December 2011). "Global Christianity A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population" (PDF). Pew–Templeton global religious futures project. pp. 19, 27, 57, 60, 75, 83, 90, 119. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
Estimated 2010 Christian Population 31,850,000 (pages 19, 60, 75) Protestant 18,860,000 Catholic 10,570,000 Orthodox 2,370,000 Others 50,000 (pp. 27, 83)
- ^ a b Fahlbusch, Erwin; Bromiley, Geoffrey William; Lochman, Jan Milic (2008). The Encyclodedia of Christianity. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-8028-2417-2.
- ^ Carman, John B.; Rao, Chilkuri Vasantha (2014). Christians in South Indian Villages, 1959–2009: Decline and Revival in Telangana. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-4674-4205-3.
Most Indian Christians believe that the apostle Thomas arrived in southwest India (the present state of Kerala) in 52 CE and several years later was martyred outside the city of Mailapur (now part of metropolitan Chennai), on a hill now called St Thomas Mount.
- ^ "The Surprisingly Early History of Christianity in India". Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
- ^ "About Thomas The Apostle". sthhoma.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
- ^ Curtin, D. P.; James, M.R. (June 2018). The Acts of St. Thomas in India. Dalcassian Publishing Company. ISBN 9781087965710.
- ^ a b Puthiakunnel, Thomas (1973). "Jewish colonies of India paved the way for St. Thomas". In George Menachery (ed.). The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India. Vol. 2. Madras: BNK Press. pp. 26–27. OCLC 1237836.
- ^ Allen C. Myers, ed. (1987). "Aramaic". The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans. p. 72. ISBN 0-8028-2402-1.
It is generally agreed that Aramaic was the common language of Israel in the first century AD. Jesus and his disciples spoke the Galilean dialect, which was distinguished from that of Jerusalem (Matt. 26:73)
- ^ "Aramaic language". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
- ^ "Benedict XVI, General Audience, St Peter's Square: Thomas the twin". w2.vatican.va. 27 September 2006. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
- ^ Slapak, Orpa, ed. (2003). The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. p. 27. ISBN 965-278-179-7 – via University Press of New England.
- ^ Suresh K Sharma, Usha Sharma. Cultural and Religious Heritage of India: Christianity.
The earliest historical evidence, however, regarding the existence of a Church in South India dates from the sixth century AD
- ^ "The Surprisingly Early History of Christianity in India". Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
- ^ Machado 1999, pp. 94–96
- ^ Salomon, H. P. and Sassoon, I. S. D., in Saraiva, Antonio Jose. The Marrano Factory. The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians, 1536–1765 (Brill, 2001), pp. 345–7.
- ^ "'Goa Inquisition was most merciless and cruel'". Rediff.com. 14 September 2005. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
- ^ Rao, R. P. (1963). Portuguese Rule in Goa: 1510-1961. Asia Publishing House. p. 43. OCLC 3296297.
- ^ "Goa Inquisition". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
- ^ de Souza, Teotonio (1994). Discoveries, Missionary Expansion, and Asian Cultures. Concept Publishing Company. p. 80. ISBN 9788170224976. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
- ^ Langford Louro, Michele; Spodek, Howard (2007). "India in the World; the World in India 1450-1770". Association for Asian Studies. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
The Portuguese also sought to convert Indians to Roman Catholicism. Until 1540 the pace was slow and erratic. With the arrival in India of the Catholic Counter-Reformation and its Jesuit troops, however, 'intolerance became the theme.' The Portuguese destroyed all of the Hindu temples in Goa, their Indian Ocean capital, and many in other settlements as well. 'Most Hindu ceremonies were forbidden, including marriage and cremation.' In 1560, the Portuguese instituted the Inquisition, and by 1600 two-thirds of the population of the city of Goa were Christians. Many of the newly converted Christians nevertheless remained quite conscious of their caste position in the Hindu hierarchy. It was not unusual for a person to identify himself as a Goan Christian Saraswat Brahmin.
- ^ Saraiva, António José; Salomon, Herman Prins; Sassoon (28 September 2001). The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536-1765. BRILL. doi:10.1163/9789047400868_022. ISBN 978-90-474-0086-8.
- ^ "Christian Impact on India, History of". www.encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
- ^ "Christianity hasn't failed in India. Conversion isn't its only goal". 12 September 2020. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
- ^ "The Work of Pioneer Missionaries" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
- ^ Kalapura, Jose (2015). "Philanthropic Organizations and Community Development: The Case of the Bettiah Christians in India". Asian Journal of Social Science. 43 (4): 400–434. doi:10.1163/15685314-04304005. JSTOR 43953933.
- ^ Kalapura, Jose (2000). "King, Fort, Zamindaris and Missionaries: The Founding of Bihar's Oldest Christian Community, 1745". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 61: 1011–1028. JSTOR 44148177.
- ^ "History". Church of South India. 2010. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
Being the largest Protestant church in India, the CSI celebrates her life with Indian culture and spirituality and she also raises her voice for the voiceless on matters of justice, peace and integrity of creation.
- ^ "History". Church of South India. 2010. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
The Church of South India is the result of the union of churches of varying traditions Anglican, Methodist, Congregational, Presbyterian, and Reformed. It was inaugurated in September 1947, after protracted negotiation among the churches concerned. Organized into 22 dioceses, each under the spiritual supervision of a bishop, the church as a whole is governed by a synod, which elects a moderator (presiding bishop) every 2 years. Episcopacy is thus combined with Synodical government, and the church explicitly recognizes that Episcopal, Presbyterian, and congregational elements are all necessary for the church's life.
- ^ Watkins, Keith (2014). The American Church that Might Have Been: A History of the Consultation on Church Union. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-1-63087-744-6.
The Church of South India created a polity that recognized Episcopal, Presbyterian, and Congregational elements and developed a book of worship that bridged the liturgical traditions that came into this new church. It set up a plan by which existing ministries were accepted while including processes which would lead to the time, a generation later, when all ministers would have been ordained by bishops in apostolic succession. The Church of South India was important as a prototype for a new American church because two factors had come together: the cross-confessional nature of its constituent parts and the intention to be, in effect, the Protestant Christian presence in communities all across the southern territories of its nation.
- ^ IDOC International. IDOC-North America. 1971. p. 85.
...churches that would combine the episcopal, presbyterian and congregational forms of church polity, and would accept the historic episcopate without committing the church to any particular theological interpretation of episcopacy. This is essentially what has been done both in the Church of South India and the Church of North India.
- ^ "Church of North India". World Methodist Council. 9 November 2019. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
The Church of North India is a united church which came into being as the result of a union of six churches on 29th November 1970. The six churches were: The Council of the Baptist Churches in Northern India, The Church of the Brethren in India; The Disciples of Christ; The Church of India (formerly known as the Church of India, Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon); The Methodist Church (British and Australian Conferences); The United Church of Northern India. ... The Church of North India is a full member of the World Council of Churches, the Christian Conference of Asia, the Council for World Mission, the Anglican Consultative Council, the World Methodist Council and the World Alliance of Reformed Churches.
- ^ Zhimomi, Kaholi (2019). "Northeast India". In Kenneth Ross; Daniel Jeyaraj; Todd Johnson (eds.). Christianity in South and Central Asia. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 156–167. doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9781474439824.003.0014. ISBN 9781474439848. S2CID 242239030.
- ^ Center, Pew Research (21 September 2021). "3. Religious demography of Indian states and territories". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
- ^ Thomas, Abraham Vazhayil (1974). Christians in Secular India. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. pp. 106–110. ISBN 978-0-8386-1021-3.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Oddie2001was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Pinto, Ambrose (19 August 2017). "Christian Contribution to the Freedom Struggle". Mainstream. LV (35).
- ^ "From Thomas the Apostle to Crypto Christians". 11 April 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
- ^ "Arrests, Beatings and Secret Prayers: Inside the Persecution of India's Christians". The New York Times. 22 December 2021.
- ^ "Arrests, beatings and secret prayers: Inside the persecution of India's Christians". 24 December 2021. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
- ^ "India: Attack on Indian revival meeting sends Christians underground | IIRF". Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20220817104726/https://m.thewire.in/article/rights/the-bogey-of-forced-conversions-has-long-diverted-us-from-the-realities-of-indian-christians/
- ^ "Hindu extremists threaten to kill Christians in India if they 'utter the name of Christ'". September 2015. Archived from the original on 2 September 2015.
- ^ "India Accelerates Forced Conversions | FSSPX News". Archived from the original on 22 February 2024.
- ^ "Christians face conversion threat in riot-hit Indian state - UCA News". Archived from the original on 24 May 2023.
- ^ "'Misuse' of PESA Act in Ghar Wapsi of Chhattisgarh Tribal Christians: Report". 21 February 2023. Archived from the original on 22 February 2023.
- ^ "Convert or we will kill you, Hindu lynch mobs tell fleeing Christians | India | the Guardian". Archived from the original on 8 April 2016.
- ^ Thakur, Udit (29 January 2015). "Are India's Christians and Muslims Forced to Become Hindus?". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 5 June 2017.