This article is about the political and social revolution. For military actions, see Chinese Civil War. For the Cultural Revolution of 1966-1976, see Cultural Revolution.
Chinese Communist Revolution
Part of the Chinese Civil War and the Cold War
Left to right, top to bottom:
Students protest American interference in China, 1946
The Chinese Soviet Republic is founded in Ruijin, 1931
The first flag of the People's Republic of China is raised, 1949
Chinese Red Army soldiers on the Long March
Date
1 August 1927 – 1 October 1949 (22 years and 3 months)
Location
China
Outcome
Communist victory and takeover of mainland China
People's Republic of China established in mainland China
Retreat of the Republic of China government to Taiwan
Casualties
1–2 million dead[1]
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Campaigns of the Chinese Civil War
Outline of the Chinese Civil War
First Phase (1927–1937)
Autumn Harvest Uprising
Encirclement campaigns
Long March
Resumption of hostilities (1945–1949)
Operation Beleaguer
Northeast China
Liaoshen
Huaihai
Pingjin
Yangtze River
Shanghai
Hainan
Guningtou
Wanshan
Aftermath
Xinjiang
Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
China–Burma border
Cross-strait conflict
Part of a series on the
Chinese Communist Revolution
Proclamation of the People's Republic of China
Mao Zedong and leading revolutionaries proclaim the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949.
Outline of the Chinese Civil War
Origins
Context
Century of Humiliation
1911 Revolution
Warlord Era
Ideas
Nationalism
Anarchism
Marxism
Movements
New Culture Movement
May Fourth Movement
Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement
Early history
First United Front
Founding of the Communist Party
Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist International
Sun–Joffe Manifesto
Left Kuomintang
Peasant Movement Training Institute
Canton Coup
28 Bolsheviks
Labor organizing
1922 seamen's strike
May Thirtieth Movement
Canton–Hong Kong strike
Northern Expedition
Wuhan Government
Hunan Report
Hankou incident
Nanjing Incident
Shanghai Commune
Break with the KMT
Civil War
Aftermath of purge
Nanchang
Little Long March
Autumn Harvest
Guangzhou
Internal Purges
AB League Incident
Futian incident
Chinese Soviet Republic
Jiangxi Soviet
Chinese Red Army
Long March
Zunyi Conference
Anti-Japanese resistance
Xi'an Incident
Second United Front
Second Sino-Japanese War
New Fourth Army
Eighth Route Army
East River Column
Hundred Regiments Offensive
New Fourth Army Incident
Communist base areas
Yan'an Soviet
Jin-Cha-Ji Border Region
Yan'an Rectification Campaign
Yan'an Forum
Women's movement
Resumed Civil War
Military conflict
"Millet plus rifles"
People's Liberation Army
Operation Beleaguer
Liaoshen campaign
Huaihai campaign
Pingjin campaign
Retreat of the ROC to Taiwan
Urban support for Communists
China Democratic League
Shen Chong case
Jiaochangkou incident
Yu Zisan Incident
Revolutionary Committee of the KMT
Forming the People's Republic
Government
Central People's Government
Writing the Constitution
1954 Constitution
Reforms
Land Reform
New Marriage Law
First five-year plan
Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns
Suppression of counterrevolutionaries
Foreign relations
Sino-Soviet Cooperation
Annexation of Tibet
Intervention in Korea
Intervention in Vietnam
Legacy
Mao Zedong Thought
Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
National Day
100th Anniversary of the CCP
China portal
Communism portal
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The Chinese Communist Revolution was a social and political revolution that culminated in the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. For the preceding century, China had faced escalating social, economic, and political problems as a result of Western imperialism, Japanese imperialism, and the decline of the Qing dynasty. Cyclical famines and an oppressive landlord system kept the large mass of rural peasantry poor and politically disenfranchised. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was formed in 1921 by young urban intellectuals inspired by European socialist ideas and the success of the October Revolution in Russia. The CCP originally allied itself with the nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) party against the warlords and foreign imperialist forces, but the 1927 massacre of Communists in Shanghai ordered by Kuomintang leader Chiang Kai-shek forced them into the Chinese Civil War, which would last more than two decades.
Early Nationalist military dominance forced the CCP to abandon their strategy of appealing to the urban proletariat, instead basing themselves in the countryside as advocated by Mao Zedong. Mao rose to become the Chairman of CCP during the Long March while the CCP narrowly avoided complete destruction. The Communists led by Mao once again formed a United Front with the Kuomintang to fight the Japanese occupation of China beginning in 1937. The CCP made effective use of the situation to rebuild their movement around the Chinese peasantry. Following the Japanese surrender in 1945, China became an early hot spot in the Cold War. The United States continued to funnel large amounts of money and weapons to Chiang Kai-shek, but corruption and low morale fatally undermined the Nationalist army. The Soviet Union's decision to let the communists take control of Japanese weapons and supplies left behind in Manchuria, on the other hand, proved decisive. The CCP was able to mobilize a massive army of peasants with their program of radical land reform and gradually began winning open battles against the KMT. In 1948 and 1949, the People's Liberation Army won three major campaigns that forced the Nationalist government to retreat to Taiwan. On 1 October 1949, Mao formally proclaimed the People's Republic of China.
The CCP victory had a major impact on the global balance of power: China became the largest socialist state by population, and, after the 1956 Sino-Soviet split, a third force in the Cold War. The People's Republic offered direct and indirect support to communist movements around the world, and inspired the growth of Maoist parties in a number of countries. Shock at the CCP's success and the emerging geopolitical domino theory postulating its spread across East Asia led the United States to stage successive military interventions in Korea and Southeast Asia. The CCP remains in government in mainland China, and is the second-largest political party in the world.[2]
^Lynch 2010, p. 91.
^Tian 2021.
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