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Revolution information


In political science, a revolution (Latin: revolutio, 'a turn around') is a rapid, fundamental transformation of a society's state, class, ethnic or religious structures.[1][2][3] A revolution involves the attempted change in political regimes, substantial mass mobilization, and efforts to force change through non-institutionalized means (such as mass demonstrations, protests, strikes, or violence).[1]

Revolutions have occurred throughout human history and vary widely in terms of methods, success or failure, duration, and motivating ideology.[1][4] Revolutions may start with urban insurrections and the collapse of a regime or they may start in the periphery through guerilla war or peasant revolts.[1] Regimes may be vulnerable to revolutions due to military defeats, affronts to national pride and identity, repression and corruption.[1] Revolutions may prompt counter-revolutions that seek to prevent a revolution or reverse the course on an ongoing or successful revolution.[5]

The international system may diffuse ideologies and models of governance, such as nationalism, self-determination, republicanism, liberalism, democracy, fascism and socialism, that inspire revolutions.[6]

Notable revolutions in recent centuries include the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), the French Revolution (1789–1799), the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804), the Spanish American wars of independence (1808–1826), the European Revolutions of 1848, the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920), the Russian Revolution in 1917, the Chinese Revolution of the 1940s, the Decolonisation of Africa, the Cuban Revolution in 1959, the Iranian Revolution in 1979, and the European Revolutions of 1989.

  1. ^ a b c d e Goldstone, Jack (2001). "Towards a Fourth Generation of Revolutionary Theory". Annual Review of Political Science. 4: 139–187. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.139.
  2. ^ Beck, Colin J. (2018). "The Structure of Comparison in the Study of Revolution". Sociological Theory. 36 (2): 134–161. doi:10.1177/0735275118777004. ISSN 0735-2751. S2CID 53669466.
  3. ^ Skocpol, Theda (1979). States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511815805. ISBN 978-0-521-22439-0.
  4. ^ Stone, Lawrence (1966). "Theories of Revolution". World Politics. 18 (2): 159–176. doi:10.2307/2009694. ISSN 1086-3338. JSTOR 2009694. S2CID 154757362.
  5. ^ Clarke, Killian (2023). "Revolutionary Violence and Counterrevolution". American Political Science Review. 117 (4): 1344–1360. doi:10.1017/S0003055422001174. ISSN 0003-0554. S2CID 254907991.
  6. ^ Gunitsky 2018; Gunitsky 2017; Gunitsky 2021; Reus-Smit 2013; Fukuyama 1992; Getachew 2019

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