The chemical state of a chemical element is due to its electronic, chemical and physical properties as it exists in combination with itself or a group of one or more other elements. A chemical state is often defined as an "oxidation state" when referring to metal cations. When referring to organic materials, a chemical state is usually defined as a chemical group, which is a group of several elements bonded together.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Material scientists, solid state physicists, analytical chemists, surface scientists and spectroscopists describe or characterize the chemical, physical and/or electronic nature of the surface or the bulk regions of a material as having or existing as one or more chemical states.
^John T. Grant; David Briggs (2003). Surface Analysis by Auger and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. IM Publications. ISBN 978-1-901019-04-9.
^Martin P. Seah; David Briggs (1983). Practical Surface Analysis by Auger and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-26279-4.
^Martin P. Seah; David Briggs (1992). Practical Surface Analysis by Auger and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (2nd ed.). Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-92082-3.
^"ISO 18115:2001 — Surface Chemical Analysis — Vocabulary". International Organization for Standardization, TC/201. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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