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Caytoniales information


Caytoniales
Temporal range: Late Triassic–Early Cretaceous
PreꞒ
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S
D
C
P
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J
K
Pg
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Fig.1 A whole-plant reconstruction of Caytonia nathorstii[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division: †Pteridospermatophyta
Order: †Caytoniales
Gothan, 1932
Family: †Caytoniaceae
Kräusel, 1926
Form genera
  • Caytonanthus pollen organ
  • Caytonia ovulate structure
  • Sagenopteris palmate leaves
  • Reymanownaea pollen organ

The Caytoniales (Figs. 1-2) are an extinct order of seed plants known from fossils collected throughout the Mesozoic Era, around 252 to 66 million years ago.[2][3][4] They are regarded as seed ferns because they are seed-bearing plants with fern-like leaves.[4] Although at one time considered angiosperms because of their berry-like cupules,[5] that hypothesis was later disproven.[6] Nevertheless, some authorities consider them likely ancestors or close relatives of angiosperms.[7] The origin of angiosperms remains unclear, and they cannot be linked with any known seed plants groups with certainty.

  1. ^ Retallack, G.J.; Dilcher, D.L. (1988). "Reconstructions of selected seed ferns". Missouri Botanical Garden Annals. 75 (3): 1010–1057. doi:10.2307/2399379. JSTOR 2399379.
  2. ^ Niklas, Karl J. (1997). The Evolutionary Biology of Plants. University Of Chicago Press. p. 470. ISBN 978-0-226-58083-8.
  3. ^ National Academy of Sciences (2000). Ayala, Francisco J.; Fitch, Walter M.; Clegg, Michael T. (eds.). Variation and Evolution in Plants and Microorganisms: Toward a New Synthesis 50 Years after Stebbins. National Academies Press. p. 352. ISBN 978-0-309-07099-7.
  4. ^ a b Arnold, Chester (1947). An Introduction To Paleobotany. Miller Press. p. 428. ISBN 978-1-4067-1861-4.
  5. ^ Thomas, Hamshaw (1925). "The Caytoniales, A new group of angiospermous plants from the Jurassic rocks of Yorkshire". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. B213 (402–410): 299–363. doi:10.1098/rstb.1925.0006.
  6. ^ Harris, T.M (1933). "A new member of the Caytoniales". New Phytologist. 32 (2): 97–114. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1933.tb07001.x.
  7. ^ Doyle, J.A. (1978). "Origin of angiosperms". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 9: 365–392). doi:10.1146/annurev.es.09.110178.002053.

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Caytoniales

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preserved short shoots are evidence that Caytoniales were seasonally deciduous, shrubs and trees. Caytoniales had fertile branches with seed-bearing cupules...

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Ginkgoopsida

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Ginkgoopsida: from Peltaspermales to Ginkgoales, Leptostrobales and Caytoniales". Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France. Actualités Botaniques....

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Pteridospermatophyta

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"Mesozoic seed ferns" including the Petriellales, Corystospermales and Caytoniales. Their discovery attracted considerable attention at the time, as the...

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Vascular plant

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Botany

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Anthophyta

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glossopterids, corystosperms, Petriellales Pentoxylales, Bennettitales and Caytoniales), but not the Gnetales. Phylogeny of anthophytes and gymnosperms based...

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Flowering plant

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Plant

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Seed plant

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ferns":[citation needed] †Cordaitales †Calamopityales †Callistophytales †Caytoniales †Gigantopteridales †Glossopteridales †Lyginopteridales †Medullosales...

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Ruflorinia

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foliage from the Early Cretaceous of Argentina assigned to the order Caytoniales. The genus was first established by Sergio Archangelsky based on material...

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Ovule

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morphologically abaxial. This suggests that cupules of the kind produced by the Caytoniales or Glossopteridales may have evolved into the outer integument of angiosperms...

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Jurassic

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living seed plant groups. A prominent group of Jurassic seed ferns is the Caytoniales, which reached their zenith during the Jurassic, with widespread records...

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Conifer

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seed plant groups †Bennettitales †Calamopityales †Callistophytales †Caytoniales †Cordaitales †Corystospermales †Czekanowskiales †Gigantopteridales †Glossopteridales...

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Gymnosperm

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Order Cordaitales Order Calamopityales Order Callistophytales Order Caytoniales Order Gigantopteridales Order Glossopteridales Order Lyginopteridales...

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Pine

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seed plant groups †Bennettitales †Calamopityales †Callistophytales †Caytoniales †Cordaitales †Corystospermales †Czekanowskiales †Gigantopteridales †Glossopteridales...

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Moss

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seed plant groups †Bennettitales †Calamopityales †Callistophytales †Caytoniales †Cordaitales †Corystospermales †Czekanowskiales †Gigantopteridales †Glossopteridales...

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Cretaceous

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with fern-like foliage, including groups such as Corystospermaceae and Caytoniales. The exact origins of angiosperms are uncertain, although molecular evidence...

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Fern

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seed plant groups †Bennettitales †Calamopityales †Callistophytales †Caytoniales †Cordaitales †Corystospermales †Czekanowskiales †Gigantopteridales †Glossopteridales...

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Gigantopterid

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"gigantopterids" became the ancestors of angiosperms and/or Bennettitales and/or Caytoniales. Gigantopterid fossils were documented as early as 1883, but only investigated...

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Gondwana

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evidence of such development, apart from Cheiroleidiacean conifers and Caytoniales and other groups of seed ferns. In terms of biomass, the Jurassic flora...

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Larch

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Azolla

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Selaginella

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seed plant groups †Bennettitales †Calamopityales †Callistophytales †Caytoniales †Cordaitales †Corystospermales †Czekanowskiales †Gigantopteridales †Glossopteridales...

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Bryophyte

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Fir

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Osmundastrum

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Gnetophyta

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Nephrolepis

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Spruce

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