This article is about the tree. For other uses, see Spruce (disambiguation).
Spruce
Temporal range: Valanginian–Recent
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Norway spruce (Picea abies)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Gymnospermae
Division:
Pinophyta
Class:
Pinopsida
Order:
Pinales
Family:
Pinaceae
Subfamily:
Piceoideae Frankis
Genus:
Picea Mill.
Type species
Picea abies
(L.) H. Karst.
Species
About 35; see text.
Synonyms
Veitchia Lindley
A spruce is a tree of the genus Picea (/paɪˈsiː.ə/py-SEE-ə),[1] a genus of about 40 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal (taiga) regions of the Earth. Picea is the sole genus in the subfamily Piceoideae. Spruces are large trees, from about 20 to 60 m (about 60–200 ft) tall when mature, and have whorled branches and conical form.
Spruces can be distinguished from other genera of the family Pinaceae by their needles (leaves), which are four-sided and attached singly to small persistent peg-like structures (pulvini or sterigmata[2]) on the branches, and by their cones (without any protruding bracts), which hang downwards after they are pollinated.[3] The needles are shed when 4–10 years old, leaving the branches rough with the retained pegs. In other similar genera, the branches are fairly smooth.
Spruce are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (moth and butterfly) species, such as the eastern spruce budworm. They are also used by the larvae of gall adelgids (Adelges species).
In the mountains of western Sweden, scientists have found a Norway spruce, nicknamed Old Tjikko, which by reproducing through layering, has reached an age of 9,550 years and is claimed to be the world's oldest known living tree.[4]
^Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
^Hart, G.T. (2018) Plants in Literature and Life: a wide-ranging dictionary of botanical terms. FriesenPress. ISBN 978-1770674417
^"Pine Relatives". Lovett Pinetum. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
^"Swedish Spruce Is World's Oldest Tree: Scientific American Podcast". 27 May 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
A spruce is a tree of the genus Picea (/paɪˈsiː.ə/ py-SEE-ə), a genus of about 40 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae, found in...
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Picea orientalis, commonly known as the Oriental spruce or Caucasian spruce, is a species of spruce native to the Caucasus and adjacent northeast Turkey...
Richard Spruce (10 September 1817 – 28 December 1893) was an English botanist specializing in bryology. One of the great Victorian botanical explorers...
family. It is referred to by the common names morinda spruce and West Himalayan spruce, and is a spruce native to the western Himalaya and adjacent mountains...
for the disease large-spored spruce-Labrador tea rust. It affects white spruce, black spruce, Sitka spruce, Engelmann spruce, and Labrador-tea. It is also...
North America is mostly spruce; Scandinavian and Finnish taiga consists of a mix of spruce, pines and birch; Russian taiga has spruces, pines and larches depending...
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