System for uniquely identifying individual rulings of a court
Various case citations redirect here. If you are looking for the text of an opinion, you may find it in the external links at the bottom of the article on that case. For Wikipedia's template for citing cases, see Template:Cite court.
United States Reports, the official reporter of the Supreme Court of the United States
Case citation is a system used by legal professionals to identify past court case decisions, either in series of books called reporters or law reports, or in a neutral style that identifies a decision regardless of where it is reported. Case citations are formatted differently in different jurisdictions, but generally contain the same key information.
A legal citation is a "reference to a legal precedent or authority, such as a case, statute, or treatise, that either substantiates or contradicts a given position."[1] Where cases are published on paper, the citation usually contains the following information:
Court that issued the decision
Report title
Volume number
Page, section, or paragraph number
Publication year
In some report series, for example in England, Australia and some in Canada, volumes are not numbered independently of the year: thus the year and volume number (usually no greater than 4) are required to identify which book of the series has the case reported within its covers. In such citations, it is usual in these jurisdictions to apply square brackets "[year]" to the publication year (which may not be the year that the case was decided: for example, a case decided in December 2001 may have been reported in 2002).
The Internet brought with it the opportunity for courts to publish their decisions on websites and most published court decisions now appear in that way. They can be found through many national and other websites, such as WorldLII and AfricanLII, that are operated by members of the Free Access to Law Movement.
The resulting flood of non-paginated information has led to numbering of paragraphs and the adoption of a medium-neutral citation system. This usually contains the following information:
Year of decision
Abbreviated title of the court
Decision number (not the court file number)
Rather than utilizing page numbers for pinpoint references, which would depend upon particular printers and browsers, pinpoint quotations refer to paragraph numbers.
^Garner, Bryan A., ed. (2012). Black's Law Dictionary (9th Abridged ed.). St. Paul, Minnesota: West. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-314-26578-4.
Casecitation is a system used by legal professionals to identify past court case decisions, either in series of books called reporters or law reports...
upper case (e.g. Ljiljan–LJILJAN, Njonja–NJONJA, Džidža–DŽIDŽA).[citation needed] Unicode designates a single character for each case variant (i.e., upper case, title...
of Cases...California... (1860) and in 1872 by Wait's Table of Cases...New York.... The most important and best-known citation index for legal cases was...
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in earlier cases (see citation analysis in a legal context). An additional example is provided by patents which contain prior art, citation of earlier...
easily as on a standard jewel case.[citation needed] Smaller jewel cases are used for 8 cm CD and DVD media; similar cases without the hub are used for...
of citations in running text, abbreviations may be used simply to reduce the length of the prose, and that a similar exception can be made for cases where...
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fan inside, or attached to, a computer case used for active cooling. Fans are used to draw cooler air into the case from the outside, expel warm air from...
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and multiple business disciplines have experienced coercive citation. Individual cases have also been reported in other disciplines. The impact factor...
third edition) is available for the citation of international legal cases, not covered in the main guide. Cases are to be cited without periods in the...
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in earlier cases (see citation analysis in a legal context). An additional example is provided by patents which contain prior art, citation of earlier...
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actress Miki Komori.[citation needed] The case also inspired the manga 17-sai. Law portal Japan portal Hello Kitty murder case List of kidnappings List...
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commensurate gains. </ref>[citation needed] Pinarayi Vijayan had been named as the 9th accused in the case by CBI. </ref>[citation needed] The CPM led Kerala...
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