Global InformationCapacitive deionization information
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a technology to deionize water by applying an electrical potential difference over two electrodes, which are often made of porous carbon.[2] In other words, CDI is an electro-sorption method using a combination of a sorption media and an electrical field to separate ions and charged particles.[3] Anions, ions with a negative charge, are removed from the water and are stored in the positively polarized electrode. Likewise, cations (positive charge) are stored in the cathode, which is the negatively polarized electrode.
Today, CDI is mainly used for the desalination of brackish water, which is water with a low or moderate salt concentration (below 10 g/L).[4][5][6][7] Other technologies for the deionization of water are, amongst others, distillation, reverse osmosis and electrodialysis. Compared to reverse osmosis and distillation, CDI is considered to be an energy-efficient technology for brackish water desalination.[7] This is mainly because CDI removes the salt ions from the water, while the other technologies extract the water from the salt solution.[6][8]
Historically, CDI has been referred to as electrochemical demineralization, "electrosorb process for desalination of water", or electrosorption of salt ions. It also goes by the names of capacitive desalination, or in the commercial literature as "CapDI".
- ^ Qi, Zhaoxiang; Koenig, Gary M. (July 2017). "Review Article: Flow battery systems with solid electroactive materials". Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, Nanotechnology and Microelectronics: Materials, Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena. 35 (4): 040801. Bibcode:2017JVSTB..35d0801Q. doi:10.1116/1.4983210. ISSN 2166-2746.
- ^ Biesheuvel, P.M.; Bazant, M.Z.; Cusick, R.D.; Hatton, T.A.; Hatzell, K.B.; Hatzell, M.C.; Liang, P.; Lin, S.; Porada, S.; Santiago, J.G.; Smith, K.C.; Stadermann, M.; Su, X.; Sun, X.; Waite, T.D.; van der Wal, A.; Yoon, J.; Zhao, R.; Zou, L.; Suss, M.E. (2017). "Capacitive Deionization -- defining a class of desalination technologies [OPEN ACCESS]". arXiv:1709.05925 [physics.app-ph].
- ^ D. Atoufi, Hossein; Hasheminejad, Hasti; Lampert, David J. (2020). "Performance of activated carbon coated graphite bipolar electrodes on capacitive deionization method for salinity reduction". Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering. 14 (6): 99. doi:10.1007/s11783-020-1278-1. ISSN 2095-221X. S2CID 219590425 – via Springer Nature.
- ^ Suss, M.E.; Porada, S.; Sun, X.; Biesheuvel, P.M.; Yoon, J.; Presser, V. (2015). "Water desalination via capacitive deionization: what is it and what can we expect from it? [OPEN ACCESS]". Energy Environ. Sci. 8 (8): 2296. doi:10.1039/C5EE00519A.
- ^ Weinstein, Lawrence; Dash, R. (2013). "Capacitive Deionization: Challenges and Opportunities". Desalination & Water Reuse.
- ^ a b Porada, S.; Zhao, R.; Wal, A. van der; Presser, V.; Biesheuvel, P.M. (2013). "Review on the science and Technology of Water Desalination by Capacitive Deionization [OPEN ACCESS]". Progress in Materials Science. 58 (8): 1388–1442. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2013.03.005.
- ^ a b Anderson, M.A.; Cudero, A.L.; Palma, J. (2010). "Capacitive deionization as an electrochemical means of saving energy and delivering clean water. Comparing to present desalination practices: Will it compete?". Electrochimica Acta. 55 (12): 3845–3856. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2010.02.012.
- ^ "CDI & electrosorption".