Form of carbon with an extremely high surface area
Activated carbon
Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal, is a form of carbon commonly used to filter contaminants from water and air, among many other uses. It is processed (activated) to have small, low-volume pores that greatly increase the surface area[1][2] available for adsorption or chemical reactions[3] that can be thought of as a microscopic "sponge" structure. (Adsorption, not to be confused with absorption, is a process where atoms or molecules adhere to a surface). Activation is analogous to making popcorn from dried corn kernels: popcorn is light, fluffy, and its kernels have a high surface-area-to-volume ratio. Activated is sometimes replaced by active.
Because it is so porous on a microscopic scale, one gram of activated carbon has a surface area of over 3,000 square metres (32,000 square feet),[1][2][4] as determined by gas adsorption.[1][2][5] For charcoal, the equivalent figure before activation is about 2–5 square metres.[6][7] A useful activation level may be obtained solely from high surface area. Further chemical treatment often enhances adsorption properties.
Activated carbon is usually derived from waste products such as coconut husks; waste from paper mills has been studied as a source.[8] These bulk sources are converted into charcoal before being activated. When derived from coal,[1][2] it is referred to as activated coal. Activated coke is derived from coke.
^ abcdChada N, Romanos J, Hilton R, Suppes G, Burress J, Pfeifer P (2012-03-01). "Activated carbon monoliths for methane storage". Bulletin of the American Physical Society. 57 (1): W33.012. Bibcode:2012APS..MARW33012C.
^ abcdSoo Y, Chada N, Beckner M, Romanos J, Burress J, Pfeifer P (2013-03-20). "Adsorbed Methane Film Properties in Nanoporous Carbon Monoliths". Bulletin of the American Physical Society. 58 (1). M38.001. Bibcode:2013APS..MARM38001S.
^""Properties of Activated Carbon", CPL Caron Link, accessed 2008-05-02". Archived from the original on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
^Dillon EC, Wilton JH, Barlow JC, Watson WA (1989-05-01). "Large surface area activated charcoal and the inhibition of aspirin absorption". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 18 (5): 547–552. doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(89)80841-8. PMID 2719366.
^P. J. Paul. "Value Added Products from Gasification – Activated Carbon" (PDF). Bangalore: The Combustion, Gasification and Propulsion Laboratory (CGPL) at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc).
^Lehmann JS (2009). "Biochar for environmental management: An introduction. In Biochar for Environmental Management, Science and Technology" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-06.
^Oliveira G, Calisto V, Santos SM, Otero M, Esteves VI (2018-08-01). "Paper pulp-based adsorbents for the removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater: A novel approach towards diversification". The Science of the Total Environment. 631–632: 1018–1028. Bibcode:2018ScTEn.631.1018O. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.072. hdl:10773/25013. ISSN 1879-1026. PMID 29727928. S2CID 19141293.
surface-area-to-volume ratio. Activated is sometimes replaced by active. Because it is so porous on a microscopic scale, one gram of activatedcarbon has a surface area...
electrolytic capacitor with activatedcarbon electrodes. Early electrochemical capacitors used two aluminum foils covered with activatedcarbon (the electrodes)...
Carbon filtering is a method of filtering that uses a bed of activatedcarbon to remove impurities from a fluid using adsorption. Carbon filtering works...
commonly known as physisorption and chemisorptions. Activatedcarbons (ACs) or biological-activatedcarbon (BAC) are effective adsorbents for a wide variety...
carbonate) and zeolites. Carbon-based compounds – Are typically hydrophobic and non-polar, including materials such as activatedcarbon and graphite. Polymer-based...
Powdered ActivatedCarbon Treatment (PACT) is a wastewater technology in which powdered activatedcarbon is added to an anaerobic or aerobic treatment...
industrial, municipal, and consumer markets. Calgon Carbon's product lines typically use activatedcarbon in various forms, Originally formed as the Pittsburgh...
air. Carbon black is a form of paracrystalline carbon that has a high surface-area-to-volume ratio, albeit lower than that of activatedcarbon. It is...
production of activatedcarbon. The coal is first coked, removing volatiles, then steam treated to activate it. Chemical processes for activating coke produced...
locations, can be blown through beds of activatedcarbon and the carbon dioxide will adhere to the activatedcarbon [adsorption]. Once the bed is saturated...
composting. Their high porosity makes them also ideal in the production of activatedcarbon by pyrolysis. Shells can also be used as loose-fill packing material...
Palladium on carbon, often referred to as Pd/C, is a form of palladium used as a catalyst. The metal is supported on activatedcarbon to maximize its surface...
use for activatedcarbon from tangerine seeds in the absorption of pesticides. Researches are utilizing this tangerine seed activatedcarbon in the removal...
Platinum on carbon, often referred to as Pt/C, is a form of platinum used as a catalyst. The metal is supported on activatedcarbon in order to maximize...
collected as Dippel's oil; that which is not driven off remains as activatedcarbon in the final product. Heating bones in an oxygen-rich atmosphere gives...
The electrochemical regeneration of activatedcarbon based adsorbents involves the removal of molecules adsorbed onto the surface of the adsorbent with...
directed by a medical doctor. Activated charcoal, also known as activatedcarbon is commonly produced from high carbon source materials such as wood or...
Believing that the sludge had been activated (in a similar manner to activatedcarbon) the process was named activated sludge. Not until much later was...
consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom connected by a triple bond. It is the simplest carbon oxide. In coordination complexes, the carbon monoxide ligand...
more typical. Activatedcarbon acts like a sponge to dicyanoaurate, the main soluble gold species in gold extraction technologies. Hard carbon particles (much...
from conventional and most commonly alumina to novel various kinds of activatedcarbon. Synthesis methods and functions vary greatly due to different kinds...
predictor for filtration qualities of carbon. It is as well a quick method of comparing different batches of activatedcarbon of the same quality. A color reaction...
as carriers, including carbon, magnesium oxide, aluminium oxide, zeolites, spinels, and boron nitride. Ruthenium-activatedcarbon-based catalysts have been...
drinking water. Activated Alumina process is one of the widely used adsorption methods for the defluoridation of drinking water. Activatedcarbon Silica gel...
substances such as charcoal, lampblack (soot), and activatedcarbon. At normal pressures, carbon takes the form of graphite, in which each atom is bonded...
chemical oxidation.: 439 Carbon filtering removes remaining contaminants and impurities by chemical absorption onto activatedcarbon.: 1138 Filtration through...
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