Canonized Islamic scripture are texts which Muslims believe were revealed by God through various prophets throughout humanity's history—specifically the Quran and Hadith. Muslims believe the Quran to be the final revelation of God to mankind, and a completion and confirmation of previous scriptures.[1] It was believed to have been revealed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad from 620 CE to 632 CE, and canonized in an official, unified text during the caliphate of Rashidun Uthman, around 650 CE.
Other Islamic holy books considered by Muslims to be revealed by God before the Qur'an, mentioned by name in the Qur'an are the Tawrat (Torah) revealed to the prophets and messengers amongst the Children of Israel, the Zabur (Psalms) revealed to Dawud (David) and the Injil (the Gospel) revealed to Isa (Jesus). The Qur'an also mentions God revealing the Scrolls of Abraham and the Scrolls of Moses.
Orthodox Muslims [clarification needed] (which includes almost all Muslims) also consider Hadith (the record of the words, actions, and the silent approval of Muhammad)[2] to be divine revelation. For such, the hadiths are extremely important because they give detailed direction to Muslims on far more issues than does the Quran so that most of the rules of Sharia (Islamic law) are derived from hadith, rather than the Quran.[3]
Not only were the hadith collections compiled centuries after the Quran, but their canonization also came much later. The two "most famous" collections of hadith -- sahihayn of al-Bukhari and Muslim al-Qushayri—began to be accepted as authentic by the Malikis and Hanbali school of fiqh in the mid-5th AH/11th CE century.[4] While hadith are considered divine revelation, the collections of them do not have the same status as copies of the Quran. Unlike the Qur'an, not all Muslims believe that hadith accounts (or at least not all hadith accounts) are divine revelation. Different collections of hadīth would come to differentiate the different branches of the Islamic faith.[5]
^Concise Encyclopedia of Islam, Cyril Glasse, Holy Books
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^J.A.C. Brown, Misquoting Muhammad, 2014: p.8
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