The Campanian Ignimbrite eruption (CI, also CI Super-eruption) was a major volcanic eruption in the Mediterranean during the late Quaternary, classified 7 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI).[1][2] The event has been attributed to the Archiflegreo volcano, the 12-by-15-kilometre-wide (7.5 mi × 9.3 mi) caldera of the Phlegraean Fields, located 20 km (12 mi) west of Mount Vesuvius under the western outskirts of the city of Naples and the Gulf of Pozzuoli, Italy.[3] Estimates of the date and magnitude of the eruption(s), and the amount of ejected material have varied considerably during several centuries the site has been studied. This applies to most significant volcanic events that originated in the Campanian Plain, as it is one of the most complex volcanic structures in the world. However, continued research, advancing methods, and accumulation of volcanological, geochronological, and geochemical data have improved the dates' accuracy.[4]
The most recent results by radiocarbon and argon–argon dating are, respectively, 39 220 to 39 705 calendar year BP[5] and 39850±140 year BP.[6] The estimated eruptive volume in dense-rock equivalent (DRE) is in the range of 181–265 km3 (43–64 cu mi),[1] and tephra has dispersed over an area of around 3,000,000 km2 (1,200,000 sq mi), commonly referred to as the ash horizon Y-5.[7][8] The accuracy of these numbers is of significance for marine geologists, climatologists, palaeontologists, paleo-anthropologists and researchers of related fields as the event coincides with a number of global and local phenomena, such as widespread discontinuities in archaeological sequences, climatic oscillations and biocultural modifications.[9]
^ abSilleni, Aurora; Giordano, Guido; Isaia, Roberto; Ort, Michael H. (2020). "The magnitude of the 39.8 ka Campanian Ignimbrite eruption, Italy: Method, uncertainties, and errors". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.543399. ISSN 2296-6463. S2CID 224274557.
^Mastrolorenzo, Giuseppe; Palladino, Danilo M.; Pappalardo, Lucia; Rossano, Sergio (5 March 2016). "Probabilistic-Numerical assessment of pyroclastic current hazard at Campi Flegrei and Naples city: Multi-VEI scenarios as a tool for full-scale risk management – VEI 7 Campanian Ignimbrite extreme event". PLOS ONE. 12 (10): e0185756. arXiv:1603.01747. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1285756M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185756. PMC 5636126. PMID 29020018.
^de Vivo, B. (2001). "New constraints on the pyroclastic eruptive history of the Campanian volcanic plain (Italy)". Mineralogy and Petrology. 73 (1–3): 47–65. Bibcode:2001MinPe..73...47D. doi:10.1007/s007100170010. S2CID 129762185.
^Muscheler, Raimund; Adolphi, Florian; Heaton, Timothy J; Bronk Ramsey, Christopher; Svensson, Anders; van der Plicht, Johannes; Reimer, Paula J (1 August 2020). "Testing and Improving the IntCal20 Calibration Curve with Independent Records". Radiocarbon. 62 (4): 1079–1094. Bibcode:2020Radcb..62.1079M. doi:10.1017/RDC.2020.54. ISSN 0033-8222.
^Giaccio, Biagio; Hajdas, Irka; Isaia, Roberto; Deino, Alan; Nomade, Sebastien (6 April 2017). "High-precision 14C and 40Ar/39Ar dating of the Campanian Ignimbrite (Y-5) reconciles the time-scales of climatic-cultural processes at 40 ka". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 45940. Bibcode:2017NatSR...745940G. doi:10.1038/srep45940. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5382912. PMID 28383570.
^Pyle, David M.; Ricketts, Graham D.; Margari, Vasiliki; van Andel, Tjeerd H.; Sinitsyn, Andrei A.; Praslov, Nicolai D.; Lisitsyn, Sergei (1 November 2006). "Wide dispersal and deposition of distal tephra during the Pleistocene 'Campanian Ignimbrite/Y5' eruption, Italy". Quaternary Science Reviews. 25 (21): 2713–2728. Bibcode:2006QSRv...25.2713P. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.06.008. ISSN 0277-3791. S2CID 59136858.
^Marti, Alejandro; Folch, Arnau; Costa, Antonio; Engwell, Samantha (17 February 2016). "Reconstructing the plinian and co-ignimbrite sources of large volcanic eruptions: A novel approach for the Campanian Ignimbrite". Scientific Reports. 6. Springer Nature: 21220. Bibcode:2016NatSR...621220M. doi:10.1038/srep21220. PMC 4756320. PMID 26883449. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
^"Campanian Ignimbrite volcanism, climate, and the final decline of the Neanderthals" (PDF). University of California – Berkeley. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
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The CampanianIgnimbriteeruption (CI, also CI Super-eruption) was a major volcanic eruption in the Mediterranean during the late Quaternary, classified 7...
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(48 cu mi) of magma (500 km3 (120 cu mi) bulk volume) to produce the CampanianIgnimbriteeruption. Its Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) was 7 and it left a large...
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2016). A number of researchers have argued that the CampanianIgnimbriteEruption, a volcanic eruption near Naples, Italy, about 39,280 ± 110 years ago (older...
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present (BP), at a similar date or slightly earlier than the CampanianIgnimbriteeruption. Geographical extent: In Italy: Apulia (the Grotta del Cavallo...
The Campanian volcanic arc is a volcanic arc that consists of a number of active, dormant, and extinct volcanoes in the Campania region of Italy. The...
Press. pp. 158–162, 217–233. Kathryn E. Fitzsimmons et al., The CampanianIgnimbriteEruption: New Data on Volcanic Ash Dispersal and Its Potential Impact...
years; the lowest layer of eruption material from the Somma caldera lies on top of the 40,000-year‑old Campanianignimbrite produced by the Campi Flegrei...
This is a list of volcanoes that have had large explosive eruptions during the Holocene (since about 11,650 years Before Present), with a volcanic explosivity...
that the CampanianIgnimbriteeruption around 40,000 years ago may have been a setback for the Neanderthal, with an as yet only postulated eruption contributing...
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such late developers, after all". New Scientist. Mar 28, 2007. "Submarine eruption bled Earth's oceans of oxygen". New Scientist. Jul 16, 2008. Clark, Stuart...
The earliest eruptions of the volcano occurred around one million years ago, explosive activity producing ignimbrite. The explosive eruption phase finished...
area at the western side of the Bay of Naples. The eruption of the trachytic Green Tuff Ignimbrite about 56,000 years ago was followed by the formation...
of large igneous provinces: List of Oceanic Landforms World's largest eruptions Paleontologists often refer to faunal stages rather than geologic (geological)...
Ciomadul. Indeed, the age of Ciomadul's last eruption overlaps with the age of the CampanianIgnimbrite. Ciomad has produced far-flung tephras, which...
Sigurdsson, H (1983). "Computer simulation of transport and deposition of the campanian Y-5 ash". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 17 (1): 89–109...
monograph: Volcanism in the Campania Plain, Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei and Ignimbrites. De Vivo: Napoli. Piedimonte, Antonio E. (2003) Il cimitero delle Fontanelle...
breccia), a proximal deposit attributed to the 39,000 BCE eruption of the CampanianIgnimbrite. The Breccia Museo deposit is controversial regarding its...
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