The Caenophidia are a derived clade of alethinophidian snakes, which contains over 80% of all the extant species of snakes.[1] The largest family is Colubridae, but it also includes at least seven other families,[1] at least four of which were once classified as "Colubridae" before molecular phylogenetics helped us understand their relationships. It has been found to be monophyletic.[1]
Although the Caenophidia previously was held to exclude Acrochordidae, researchers have recognized that acrochordids share several traits with the other caenophidians.[2] Hence Caenophidia is usually considered to comprise Acrochordidae plus more the more derived snakes classified as Colubroidea. Recent molecular studies have also found the families Xenophidiidae and Bolyeriidae to be closely related to caenophidians, forming the sister group to Caenophidia rather than being part of Henophidia.[3][4]
Below is a phylogeny of the Caenophidia based on analyses from several studies:[5][3][4]
Bolyerioidea
Xenophidiidae
Bolyeriidae
Caenophidia
†Anomalophiidae
†Russellophiidae
Acrochordoidea
†Nigerophiidae
Acrochordidae
†Palaeophiidae
†Archaeophinae
†Palaeophiinae
Colubroides
Xenodermidae
Colubriformes
Pareidae
Pareinae
Xylophiinae
Viperidae
Viperinae
Azemiopinae
Crotalinae
Endoglyptodonta
Homalopsidae
Elapoidea
Prosymnidae
Buhoma
Psammophiidae
Pseudaspidinae
Psammophiinae
Lamprophiidae
Pseudoxyrhophiinae
Micrelapiinae
Psammodynastiinae
Lamprophiinae
Elapidae
Calliophiinae
Micrurinae
Najinae
Bungarinae
Elapsoidea
Hydrophiinae
Atractaspididae
Cyclocorinae
Atractaspidinae
Colubroidea
Colubridae
Grayiinae
Calamariinae
Ahaetuliinae
Colubrinae
Sibynophiidae
Natricidae
Pseudoxenodontidae
Dipsadidae
Carphophiinae
Xenodontinae
Dipsadinae
^ abcVidal, Nicolas; Delmas, Anne-Sophie; David, Patrick; Cruaudd, Corinne; Couloux, Arnaud; Hedges, S. Blair (2007). "The phylogeny and classification of caenophidian snakes inferred from seven nuclear protein-coding genes". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 330 (2): 182–187. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2006.10.001. PMID 17303545.
^Rieppel, O. (1979). "A cladistics classification of primitive snakes based on skull structure". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 17 (2): 140–150. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1979.tb00696.x.
^ abReynolds, RG; Niemiller, ML; Revell, LJ (2014). "Toward a Tree-of-Life for the boas and pythons: multilocus species-level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 71: 201–213. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.011. PMID 24315866. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-02. Retrieved 2019-03-04.
^ abFigueroa, A.; McKelvy, A. D.; Grismer, L. L.; Bell, C. D.; Lailvaux, S. P. (2016). "A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus". PLOS ONE. 11 (9): e0161070. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1161070F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161070. PMC 5014348. PMID 27603205.
^Pyron; Burbrink; Wiens (2013). "A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13: 93. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93. PMC 3682911. PMID 23627680.
The Caenophidia are a derived clade of alethinophidian snakes, which contains over 80% of all the extant species of snakes. The largest family is Colubridae...
"henophidian" snakes are all snakes that are not Scolecophidia (blindsnakes) or Caenophidia (so-called "advanced snakes"). "Henophidian" snakes are sometimes said...
Bonatto, S. L. (2009). "Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification...
only other constituent beyond Booidea and Pythonoidea is Caenophidia. While species of Caenophidia lack spurs, the presence and use of spurs across Booidea...
Bonatto, S. L. (2009). "Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification...
hypothetical group called Toxicofera. Venom has been known in the clades Caenophidia, Anguimorpha, and Iguania, and has been shown to have evolved a single...
sequence similarity. Alethinophidia is sometimes split into Henophidia and Caenophidia, with the latter consisting of "colubroid" snakes (colubrids, vipers...
clade of alethinophidian snakes comprising the groups Henophidia and Caenophidia, essentially making up the snakes people commonly associate with. The...
Historically, snake venom was believed to have evolved once, at the base of the Caenophidia, or derived snakes. Molecular studies published beginning in 2006 suggested...
Bonatto, S. L. (2009). "Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: A revised classification...
(around 25%). Of the approximately 2,650 species of advanced snakes (Caenophidia), only the front-fanged species (~650) were considered venomous by the...
Bonatto, S. L. (2009). "Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: A revised classification...
functional diversification of the venom system in the advanced snakes (Caenophidia)" (PDF). Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. 7 (2): 215–246. doi:10.1074/mcp...
Bonatto SL (2009). "Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification...
Sandro L. (2009). "Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification...
Sandro (2009). "Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification...
Bonatto SL (2009). "Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification...
Bonatto SL (2009). "Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification...
JD (2007). "Taxonomy of The Indian snake Xylophis Beddome (Serpentes: Caenophidia), with description of a new species" (PDF). Hamadryad. 31 (2): 315–329...
(2020). "Additional vertebral material of Thaumastophis (Serpentes: Caenophidia) from the early Eocene of India provides new insights on the early diversification...
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