Venomous snakes, such as the rattlesnake shown above, are the best-known venomous squamates
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Reptilia
Order:
Squamata
Clade:
Toxicofera Vidal & Hedges, 2005
Subgroups
Anguimorpha
Iguania
Ophidia
†Mosasauria
†Polyglyphanodontia?
Toxicofera (Greek for "those who bear toxins") is a proposed clade of scaled reptiles (squamates) that includes the Serpentes (snakes), Anguimorpha (monitor lizards, gila monster, and alligator lizards) and Iguania (iguanas, agamas, and chameleons). Toxicofera contains about 4,600 species, (nearly 60%) of extant Squamata.[2] It encompasses all venomous reptile species, as well as numerous related non-venomous species. There is little morphological evidence to support this grouping; however, it has been recovered by all molecular analyses as of 2012.[3][4][5][needs update]
^Marjanović, D. (2021). "The Making of Calibration Sausage Exemplified by Recalibrating the Transcriptomic Timetree of Jawed Vertebrates". Frontiers in Genetics. 12. 521693. doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.521693. PMC 8149952. PMID 34054911.
^Fry, Bryan G.; Vidal, Nicolas; Norman, Janette A.; Vonk, Freek J.; Scheib, Holger; Ramjan, S. F. Ryan; Kuruppu, Sanjaya; Fung, Kim; Blair Hedges, S.; Richardson, Michael K.; Hodgson, Wayne. C.; Ignjatovic, Vera; Summerhayes, Robyn; Kochva, Elazar (2005). "Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes". Nature. 439 (7076): 584–8. Bibcode:2006Natur.439..584F. doi:10.1038/nature04328. PMID 16292255. S2CID 4386245.
^Vidal, Nicolas; Hedges, S. Blair (2009). "The molecular evolutionary tree of lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 332 (2–3): 129–39. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2008.07.010. PMID 19281946. S2CID 23137302.
^Pyron, R.; Burbrink, Frank T.; Wiens, John J. (2013). "A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13: 93. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93. PMC 3682911. PMID 23627680.
^Wiens, J. J.; Hutter, C. R.; Mulcahy, D. G.; Noonan, B. P.; Townsend, T. M.; Sites, J. W.; Reeder, T. W. (2012). "Resolving the phylogeny of lizards and snakes (Squamata) with extensive sampling of genes and species". Biology Letters. 8 (6): 1043–6. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0703. PMC 3497141. PMID 22993238.
Toxicofera (Greek for "those who bear toxins") is a proposed clade of scaled reptiles (squamates) that includes the Serpentes (snakes), Anguimorpha (monitor...
Iguanians are now united with snakes and anguimorphs in a clade called Toxicofera. Genetic data also suggest that the various limbless groups – snakes,...
along with iguanians and snakes, constitute the proposed "venom clade" Toxicofera of all venomous reptiles. The oldest widely accepted member of Anguimorpha...
or tissue of the target. Evidence has recently been presented for the Toxicofera hypothesis, that venom was present (in small amounts) in the ancestors...
lizards and snakes, some 200 million years ago (forming a single clade, the Toxicofera). However, most of these putative venom genes were "housekeeping genes"...
T. N. (2012). "The structural and functional diversification of the Toxicofera reptile venom system" (PDF). Toxicon. 60 (4): 434–448. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon...
tooth. While all monitor lizards are now placed in a clade called the Toxicofera which are known to possess venom gland, there are no reports of the effects...
as a distinct group of lizards, more closely related to the venomous Toxicofera. The relationships of the Amphisbaenia to other lizards have long been...
salvadorii), a monitor lizard often asserted to be the longest extant lizard Toxicofera, a hypothetical clade encompassing all venomous reptiles, including the...
common ancestor of modern snakes and the other reptiles of the clade Toxicofera, many of which have fully functional front and hind limbs. Due to the...
Some lizards possess a venom gland; they form a hypothetical clade, Toxicofera, containing the suborders Serpentes and Iguania and the families Varanidae...
dragon and the Nile monitor, megalania belongs to the proposed clade Toxicofera, which contains all known reptile clades possessing toxin-secreting oral...
venom originated just once among a putative clade of reptiles, called Toxicofera, approximately 170 million years ago. Under this hypothesis, the original...
can release a disagreeable musky odor when threatened. Venomous fish Toxicofera Toxic birds List of venomous animals Venomous snakes Poisonous amphibians...
its widespread use.[citation needed] Venom evolved just once among all Toxicofera about 170 million years ago, and then diversified into the huge venom...
are instead a sister lineage to Anguimorpha and Iguania in the clade Toxicofera. Below is the phylogeny of the paleoanguimorph lineages after Pyron et...
proposed many others also produce some venom, all placed in the clade Toxicofera, which includes all snakes and 13 other families of lizards. However,...
T. N. (2012). "The structural and functional diversification of the Toxicofera reptile venom system". Toxicon. 60 (4): 434–448. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon...
Genus Chondrodendron notably C. tomentosum Genus Curarea, species C. toxicofera and C. tecunarum Genus Sciadotenia toxifera Genus Telitoxicum Genus Abuta...
although recent evidence suggests a more distant common ancestor within Toxicofera. Carroll characterises the varanoids as "the most advanced of all lizards...
living squamates do not support Autarchoglossa. The recent proposal of the Toxicofera clade places Iguania within Autarchoglossa, which is not supported by...
spare fangs ready to replace those damaged or lost. Other research on Toxicofera, a hypothetical clade thought to be ancestral to most living reptiles...
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